The science of psychology (Kap 9)

mental representation images, ideas, concepts and principles

langauge a system of symbols and rules for combining these symbols in ways that can generate an infinite number of possible messages and meanings

psycholinguistics the scientific study of the psychological aspects of language

grammar the set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication

syntax the rules that govern the order of words

semantics the meaning of words and sentences

generativity the symbols of language can be combined to generate an infinte number of messages that have novel meaning

displacement language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present

surface structure consists of the symbols that are used and their order

deep structure the underlying meaning of the combined symbols

phoneme the smallest unit of sound that is recognized as separate in a given language

morphemes the smallest units of meaning in a language

discourse where sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations and so forth

bottom-up processing individual elements of a stimulus are analysed and then combined to form a unified perception

top-down processing sensory info is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas and expectations

speech segment perceiving where each work within a spoken sencente begins and ends

mental lexicon mental dictionary, where knowledge about words and their menings is stored

pragmatics knowledge of the practical aspects of using language

aphasia in important in speech comprehension and/or production

language acquisition device (LAD) an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatic rules (´universal grammar´) common to all languages

language acquisition support system (LASS) factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language

bilingual the use of two languages in daily life

multilingual the use of more than two languages in everyday life

publication bias significant results have a better chance of being published than nonsignificant (null) results, which can lead to a biased presentation of the evidence

null effect a non-significant finding, or one that does not support the hypothesis

linguistic relativity hypothesis language not only influenced but also determines what we are capabale of thinking

electroencephalography (EEG) measures the activity of large groups of neurons through a series of large electrodes placed on the scalp

propositional thought expresses a proposition, or statement

imaginal thought images that we can see, hear or feel in our mind

motoric thought mental representation of motor movements

proposition statements that express ideas

concepts basic units of semantic memory - mental categoriesinto which we place objects, activities, abstractions and events that have essential features in common

prototypes the most typical and familiar members of a category, or class

deductive reasoning reason from the top down, that is, from general principles to a conclusion about a specific case

inductive reasoning reasoning from the bottom up, starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general principle

belief bias the tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs

framing the idea that the same info, problem or options can be structured and presented in different ways

mental set the tendency to stick to a solution that have worked in the past

problem-solving schemas mental blueprints or step-by-step scripts for selecting info and solving specialized classes of problems

algorithms formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions

heuristics general problemsolving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations

means-ends analysis identify defferences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes that will reduce these differences

subgoal analysis formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps, towards a solution

representativeness heuristic how closely something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class

availability heuristic causes us to base judgements and decisions on the availability of info in memory

confirmation bias tending to look for evidence that will confirm what we currently believe rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm our beliefs

overconfidence the tendency to overestimate one´s correctness in facutal knowlegde, beliefs and decisions

creativity the ability to produce something that is both new and valuable

divergent thinking the generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm

funtional fixedness the tendency of people to be so fixed in their perception of the proper function of an object or procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it

incubation occurs when a problem is incubating and being worked on at a subconscious level

schema a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

script a mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order

wisdom a system of knowlegde about the meaning and conduct of life

mental image a representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain, rather than from external sensory input

metacognition your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities

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