The science of psychology (Kap 7)

learning process by which experience produces a relatively enduring and adaptive change in an organisms capacity for behaviour

habituation a decrease in the strenght of response to a repeated stimulus

sensitization an increase in the strenght of response to a repeated stimulus. Like habituation, sensitization is also classified as a simple learning mechanism as it occurs in response to only a single stimulus

classical condition an organism learns to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (the UCR) without prior learning

unconditioned response (UCR) a reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning

conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

conditioned response (CR) a response elicit by a conditioned stimulus

extinction a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually dissapear

spontanoues recovery reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning traits

stimulus generalization stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit to CR

discrimination when a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to others

higher-order conditioning a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

exposure therapies a patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that arouses an anxiety response (such as fear) without the precense of the UCS, allowing exctinction to occur

aversion therapy attempts to condition an aversion (a repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a noxious UCS

anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV) become nauseated and may vomit anywhere from minutes to hours before treatment session

law of effect in a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur and a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur

operant conditiong a type of learning in which behaviour is influnced by the concequences that follow it

skinner box a special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally

reinforcement is when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

punishment occurs when a response is weakend by outcomes that follow it

discrimitative stimulus signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences

positive reinforcement occurs when a response is strenghtened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

primary reinforcers stimuli, such as food and water, that an organism naturally finds reinforcing becuase they satisfy biological needs

secondary (conditioned) reinforcers stimuli that aquire reinforcin properties through their association with primary reinforcers

negative reinforcement a response is strenghtened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus

opreant extinction the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response bacause it is no longer reinforced

aversive punishment, positive punishment, punishment by application a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus (also called positive punishment or punishment by application)

response cost, negative punishment, punishmnet by removal response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus

operant generalization an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one

operant discrimination an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another

stimulus control a behaviour that is influenced by disctriminative stimuli

continuous reinforcement every response of a particular type is reinforced

partial (intermittent) reinforcement only a portion of the response of a particular type is reinforced

two-factor theory of avoidance learning both classical and operant conditioning are involved in avoidance learning

cognitive map a mental respresentation of the spatial layout

latent learning learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later, where there is an incentive to perform

observational learning learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model

social-cognitive theory, social-learning theory emphasizes that people learn by observing the behaviour of models and aquiring the belief that they can produce behaviours to influence events in their lives

self-efficacy people´s belief that they have the capability to perform behaviours that will produce a desired outcome

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