The science of psychology (Kap 13)

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• emotional regulation the process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions
• social referencing the process by which infants or children use the (emotional) responses of another person to guide their actions
• temperament a biologically based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviourallu to the environment
• psychosocial stages each stage involves a different ´crisis´ (i.e., conflict) over how we view ourselves in relation to other people and the world
• imprinting a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment
• attachment the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers
• stranger anxiety distressover contact with unfamiliar people
• separation anxiety distress over being separated from a primary caregiver
• strange situation a standardized procedure for examining infant attachment
• still face paradigm an infant is presented with a situation in which their parent looks at them without moving their face
• authoritative parents controlling but warm
• authoritarian parents exert control but do so within a cold, unresponsive or rejecting relationship
• indulgent parents have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others
• neglectful parents provide neither warmt nor rules nor guidance
• gender identity a sense of ´femaleness´ or ´maleness´ that becomes a central aspect of one´s personal identity
• gender constancy the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person
• gender typing treating others differently based on whether they are female or male
• pre-conventional moral reasoning a form of moral reasoning in which children´s moral judgements on behaviours relate to anticipated punishments or rewards
• conventional moral reasoning a form of moral reasoning in which children´s moral judgements are based on whether people are conforming to social expectations, laws and duties
• post-conventional moral reasoning a sophisticated form of moral reasoning in which children or adults make judgements based on well-thought-out, carefully reasoned, general moral principles
• adolesence the period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood
• puberty a period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

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