Social psykologi boken (sida 455)

evaluation apprehension Concern over being evaluated by others. Such concern can increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects

evolutionary psychology A new branch of psychology that seeks to investigate the potential role of genetic factors in various aspectsof human behaviour

excitation transfer theory A theory suggesting that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occuring in later situations

existential threat The anxiety that results from awareness of our own mortality

experimentation (experimental method) A method of research in which one or more factors (the independent variables) are systematically changed to determine whether such variations affect one or more other factors (dependent variables)

explicit attitudes Consciously accessible attitudes that are controlable and easy to report

fear appeals Attempting to change peoples's behaviours by use of a message that induces fear

fearful-avoidant attachment style A style charactized by low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust. This is the most insecure and least adaptive attachment style

feeling rules Expectations about the appropriate emotions to display or express

foot-in-the-door technique A procedure for gaining compliance in which a requesters begin with a small request and then, when this is granted, escalate to a larger one (the one they actually desired all along)

forewarning Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target of an attempt at persuasion; Forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows

frustration-aggresion hypothesis The suggestion that frustrationis a very powerful determinantof aggresion

fundamental attribution error (correspendence bias) The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispostional cues on others' behaviour

gender stereotypes Stereotypes concerning the traits possesed by females and males and that distinguish the two genders from each other

general aggression model (GAM) A modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions

glass ceiling Barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified females from advancing to top-level positions

glass cliff When women and minorities are seen as better leaders because of their ability to manage crises, they are more likely to be selected as leader when situation contains more risk

glass cliff effect choosing women for leadership positions that are risky, precarious, or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure

group A collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree

group polarization The tendency of group members to shift toward a more extreme position than initially held by those individuals as a result of group discussion

groupthink The tendency of the members of higly cohesive groups to assume that their decisions can't be wrong, that all members must support the group's decision strongly, and that contrary information should be ignored

habit Repeatedly performing a specific behaviour, so responses become relatively automatic whenever that situation is encountered

happiness Refers to subjective well-being, which involves globsl life satisfaction, satisfaction with specific life domains, frewuent positive feelings, and relatively few negative feelings

hassles Minor annoyances experienced in daily life that may be low in intensity, but contribute to stress in our lives

heuristic processing Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts

heuristic-systematic model Two distinct routes to persuasion; one where heuristic low-effort strategies are employed, and the other where effortful and systematic information processing is used

heuristics Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing interference in a rapid manner and seemingly effortless manner

hooliganism Negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at sporting events, especially applied to incidentsinvolving England's soccer fans

hubris The tendency to hold exaggerated self-confidence and overly positive views about oneself

hypocrisy Publicly advocating some attitudes or behavior and then acting in a way that is inconsistent with these attitudes or behavior

hypothesis An as yet unverified prediction concerning some aspect of social behavior or social thought

Identity fusion The extent to which you se yourself and your group as overlapping

ideology The philosophical and political values that govern a group

illusion of truth effect The mere repetition of information creates a sense of familiarity and more positive attitudes

implementation plan A plan for how to implement our intentions to carry out some action

implicit associations Links between group membership and trait associations or evaluations that the perceiver may be unaware of. They can be activated automatically based on the group membership of a target

implicit attitudes Unconscious associations between objects and evaluative responses

implicit self-esteem Feelings about the self of which we form impressions of others

impression management (self-presentation) Efforts by individuals to produce favorable first impressions on others

incidental feelings Those feelings induced separately of before a target is encountered; as a result, those feelings are irrelevant to the group being judged but can still affect judgements of the target

independent variable The variable that is systematically changed (i.e., varied) in an experiment

individualism Groups where the norm is to stand out and be different from others; individual variability is expected and disagreement among members is tolerated

information overload Instances in which our ability to process information is exceeded

informational social influence Social influence based on the desire to be correct (i.e., to posses accurate perceptions of the social world)

informed consent A procedure in which research participants are provided with as much information as possible about a research project before deciding whether to participate in it

ingratiation When we try to make others like us by conveying that we like them; praising others to flatter them

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