Semantics

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• Semantics Study of widely shared meaning
• Referential meaning The objective meaning
• Associative meaning The subjective/contextual meaning
• Hyponomy Words that partly share meaning, like dog and horse-->Animal. Animal=Subordinate. Co-Hyponyms=dog, horse
• Prototypes The typical charactetistic of a word (Robin and bird)
• Homophones Pail/pale sale/sail
• Homonyms More than one meaning "bat"
• Polysemy Words with the same or related meaning "foot"
• Agent Performs action
• Theme Entity involved/affected by the action
• Instrument Entity used to perform the action
• Experience Enity experiencing something but do not perform an action, e.g has a feeling
• Location Location of entity
• Source where the entity moves
• goal where the entity moves to
• Metonomy Words with close relation, bottle/liquid inside it
• Physical context Location where words occur
• Lingustic context Surrounding words decide meaning
• Deictic expression words that require context
• person (deixis) you, me (who)
• Spatial (deixis) (where) here, there, wherever
• Temporal (deixis) (when) today, tomorrow
• Reference Speaker use language to identify something
• Inference Speaker use language to refer to something else. Nouns--> People (Calvin Klein)
• Antecedent mentioning something for the first time
• Anaphora reffering back to antecdent
• Presupposition what the speaker assumes the listener already knows
• pragmatic markers shows attitude to what's being said "you know"
• Hedges words lessening a statement
• Implicatures additional conveyed meaning. Can you pass me the salt
• Gricean Maxims quantity, quality, co-operative, relation, manner
• The quantity maxim Only be as informative as required
• The quality maxim only say things you can back up, no lies
• The co-operative Only contribute the appropriate amount
• The relation Be relevant
• The manner maxim Be clear, brief and orderly
• Positive face and negative face positive: need to belong. Negative: Need to be independant
• Speech acts Direct: phrases where you want to know the answer. Indirect: phrases when we say something but mean something else (it's cold in here)
• Discourse language beyond the sentence
• Cohesion Technical connections between the sentence
• Coherence How ideas make sense
• Agency pairs Words following one another (HI! Hello!)
• Conversation repair Speaker says a problem and rephrases
• Schema Knowledge how a specific schema is like. Like a classroom.
• Script Things that we will except to happen. Like at the register in a supermarket

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