SAP

SAP Enterprise software company and ecosystem used to manage integrated business processes.

ERP Enterprise Resource Planning: software that integrates core business processes in one system.

SAP S/4HANA SAP's modern ERP suite built for the SAP HANA database.

SAP S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition Standardized cloud ERP delivered by SAP as a public-cloud service.

SAP S/4HANA Cloud Private Edition Cloud ERP with more flexibility and customer-specific configuration than Public Edition.

On-Premise A deployment model where the customer operates the ERP environment on its own or dedicated infrastructure.

Cloud ERP ERP software delivered and operated through cloud infrastructure.

SAP HANA SAP's in-memory database platform used by S/4HANA.

In-Memory Database A database designed to process much of its data directly in memory for high performance.

SaaS Software as a Service: software accessed as a subscription-based cloud service.

Public Cloud A standardized cloud environment shared across customers while keeping customer data logically separated.

Private Cloud A more dedicated cloud environment with greater flexibility for a specific customer.

SAP Best Practices Preconfigured processes and guidance that SAP recommends as standard ways of working.

Scope Item A defined business-process package that can be activated and configured in SAP S/4HANA Cloud.

Business Process A sequence of activities that produces a business outcome.

End-to-End Process A complete business process followed from its initial trigger to its final outcome.

Source-to-Pay The end-to-end process from identifying a supply source through purchasing, receipt, invoicing, and payment.

Procure-to-Pay (P2P) The process from an internal purchasing need through ordering, receiving, invoicing, and payment.

Clean Core Keeping the SAP standard core as unchanged as possible and using approved extension methods.

Release A specific version or update of SAP software containing new or changed functionality.

SAP Activate SAP's implementation methodology for deploying SAP solutions.

Discover SAP Activate phase in which the organization evaluates the solution and business value.

Prepare SAP Activate phase in which the project, team, systems, and governance are established.

Explore SAP Activate phase in which SAP standard processes are reviewed against business needs.

Realize SAP Activate phase in which the solution is configured, extended, integrated, and tested.

Deploy SAP Activate phase in which the organization prepares for and executes go-live.

Run Post-go-live phase focused on operating, supporting, and improving the solution.

Fit-to-Standard An implementation approach that starts from SAP standard processes instead of recreating old processes.

Fit-to-Standard Workshop A workshop used to demonstrate SAP standard processes and identify required configuration or gaps.

Requirement A business need that the implemented solution must satisfy.

Gap A business requirement that is not fully covered by the proposed standard solution.

Configuration Setting system options so SAP supports the required business processes.

Configuration Activity A specific task used to configure a business process or organizational setting.

SAP Central Business Configuration (CBC) SAP tool used to define scope, organizational structure, and configuration for S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition.

CBC Project An implementation project created and managed in SAP Central Business Configuration.

System Landscape The collection of SAP environments used for configuration, testing, and production.

Starter System Preconfigured SAP environment used mainly for Fit-to-Standard workshops and process exploration.

Development System Environment used to configure, extend, and develop the solution before testing.

Test System Environment used to validate configuration and business processes before production.

Production System The live SAP system used for real business transactions.

SAP Fiori SAP's user experience and design system for business applications.

SAP Fiori Launchpad The main entry point where users access SAP Fiori apps.

Fiori App An SAP application designed according to Fiori user-experience principles.

Business Role A role that groups the apps and authorizations needed for a user's job.

Business Catalog A collection of apps and authorizations assigned to business roles.

Business User A person who has an SAP user account and performs business tasks in the system.

Authorization Permission that controls what a user can view or perform in SAP.

Restriction A limitation that narrows the data or activities available to a user.

Identity and Access Management (IAM) Processes and tools used to control user identities, authentication, and authorizations.

Spaces Fiori Launchpad structures used to organize apps for a business role.

Pages Fiori Launchpad pages inside a Space that group relevant apps and content.

Tile A visual launch element that opens an app or function in SAP Fiori.

Key User An advanced business user who supports processes, users, and selected configuration or extensions.

Extensibility The ability to adapt or add functionality without unnecessarily modifying the SAP core.

In-App Extensibility Extending SAP directly through supported key-user tools inside the application.

Side-by-Side Extensibility Building extensions outside the S/4HANA core, often on SAP BTP.

Custom Field A customer-created field added to supported SAP business objects or screens.

Custom Logic Customer-specific logic added through SAP-supported extension points.

Custom Business Object A customer-created business object used to store and manage custom data.

Software Collection A package used to move supported key-user extensions between systems.

Organizational Structure The way a company's legal and operational units are represented in SAP.

Company Code The smallest organizational unit for which a complete set of financial accounts can be produced.

Plant An organizational unit representing a location such as a factory, warehouse, or distribution site.

Storage Location An organizational unit that identifies where stock is physically managed within a Plant.

Purchasing Organization The organizational unit responsible for procurement activities and supplier negotiations.

Purchasing Group A buyer or group of buyers responsible for specific purchasing activities.

Valuation Area The organizational level at which material stock values are managed.

Valuation Level The level in the organization where material valuation is performed.

Cost Center An organizational object used to collect and control costs for an area of responsibility.

Profit Center An organizational object used to measure profit and performance for a business area.

Controlling Area An organizational unit used for management accounting and controlling.

Company An organizational unit that can contain one or more company codes.

Purchasing Organization Assignment The relationship that connects a purchasing organization to company codes or plants.

Plant Assignment The organizational relationship linking a Plant to the relevant enterprise structure.

Central Purchasing A model in which one purchasing organization procures for several parts of a company.

Cross-Plant Purchasing Purchasing performed for more than one Plant.

Plant-Specific Purchasing Purchasing performed for a particular Plant.

Receiving Plant The Plant that receives material in a stock transfer or procurement process.

Supplying Plant The Plant that provides material to another Plant.

Purchasing Responsibility The defined responsibility for managing specific purchasing activities or categories.

Master Data Relatively stable business data reused across many transactions and processes.

Transaction Data Data created by business events such as purchase orders, goods receipts, and invoices.

Business Partner (BP) SAP's central object for representing organizations and persons such as suppliers.

Supplier A business partner that provides materials or services.

Supplier Master Data Stored information about a supplier used in purchasing and financial processes.

Business Partner Role A role that defines how a business partner is used in a business process.

Supplier Role A business partner role that enables the partner to act as a supplier.

Material Master Central master data containing information about a material used across business functions.

Product Master Master data describing a product and its properties for business processes.

Material Type A classification that controls how a material is managed and which data is relevant.

Material Group A grouping used to classify similar materials or services for purchasing and reporting.

Base Unit of Measure The primary unit in which a material's stock is managed.

Order Unit The unit in which a material is normally ordered from a supplier.

Purchasing Info Record Master data linking a supplier and material with purchasing information such as prices or delivery data.

Source List A list of permitted or preferred sources of supply for a material and period.

Quota Arrangement A rule that distributes procurement requirements among multiple sources of supply.

Purchasing Value Key A key that can provide default purchasing values such as reminders or tolerances.

MRP Data Master data used by Material Requirements Planning to calculate procurement or production needs.

Valuation Class A classification that helps determine which general-ledger account is used for material postings.

Accounting Data Financially relevant master data used for valuation and accounting postings.

Purchase Requisition (PR) An internal request to procure a material or service.

PR Item An individual line in a purchase requisition.

Purchase Order (PO) A formal purchasing document sent to a supplier to order materials or services.

PO Item An individual line in a purchase order.

Goods Receipt (GR) The posting that records that ordered goods have been received.

Invoice Receipt (IR) The posting that records a supplier invoice for purchased goods or services.

Supplier Invoice A supplier's request for payment for delivered goods or services.

Material Document A document created when a goods movement is posted.

Accounting Document A financial document created when a business transaction affects accounting.

Purchase Order History The record of follow-on transactions such as receipts and invoices for a purchase order.

Document Type A classification that controls how a business document behaves and is numbered.

Item Category A classification that determines how a purchasing document item is processed.

Account Assignment The assignment of a purchasing cost to an object such as a cost center, asset, or project.

Account Assignment Category A code defining the type of object to which a purchasing cost is assigned.

Delivery Date The date on which the requested material or service is expected to be delivered.

Quantity The amount of material or service requested or ordered.

Net Price The purchasing price after relevant discounts and surcharges are considered.

Currency The monetary unit used for prices and values in a transaction.

Incoterms International commercial terms defining responsibilities for delivery, cost, and risk between buyer and seller.

Payment Terms Rules defining when and under what conditions an invoice must be paid.

Requisitioning The process of creating and managing internal requests for materials or services.

Self-Service Requisitioning A process in which business users create their own purchase requests through guided tools.

Direct Material Procurement Procurement of materials that are normally used in production or held as inventory.

Consumable Purchasing Procurement of materials or services that are directly charged to a consumption object.

Stock Material A material that is managed in inventory and normally has a material master record.

Consumable Material A material purchased for direct use rather than for inventory.

Non-Stock Material A material purchased without being managed as regular inventory.

Free-Text Item A purchasing item entered with a description instead of selecting an existing material master.

Catalog Item A material or service selected from an approved purchasing catalog.

Purchase Requisition Approval The workflow process used to approve a purchase requisition before further processing.

Automatic Source Determination System logic that identifies an appropriate source of supply automatically.

Automatic Purchase Order A purchase order created automatically from eligible procurement requirements.

Purchase Order Processing The creation, change, approval, and management of purchase orders.

Purchase Order Output The communication of a purchase order to a supplier through an output channel.

Order Acknowledgment A supplier's confirmation that it accepts an order and its key details.

Confirmation Information from a supplier about expected delivery or fulfillment of an order.

Delivery Schedule Planned quantities and dates for future deliveries.

Overdelivery Tolerance The allowed percentage or quantity by which a supplier may deliver more than ordered.

Underdelivery Tolerance The allowed percentage or quantity by which a supplier may deliver less than ordered.

GR-Based Invoice Verification Invoice verification in which an invoice is matched against individual goods receipts.

Sourcing The process of identifying, evaluating, and selecting sources of supply.

Source of Supply A supplier, contract, scheduling agreement, or other source from which a requirement can be fulfilled.

Source Determination The process of selecting an appropriate source of supply for a procurement requirement.

Request for Quotation (RFQ) A formal request asking suppliers to provide prices and conditions for a requirement.

Supplier Quotation A supplier's commercial offer in response to an RFQ.

Quotation Comparison The evaluation and comparison of quotations from multiple suppliers.

Award The decision to select a supplier or quotation for the business.

Bid A supplier's submitted commercial offer in a sourcing process.

Price Comparison The comparison of supplier prices and conditions to support a sourcing decision.

Fixed Source A source of supply marked as the preferred or mandatory source for a defined period.

Source List Requirement A setting requiring procurement to use a valid source list.

Quota A defined share of procurement requirements allocated to a source of supply.

Quota Rating A calculated value used to determine which quota source should receive the next requirement.

Supplier Evaluation The process of assessing supplier performance using defined criteria.

Preferred Supplier A supplier designated as the preferred source for specific purchasing needs.

Spend Analysis Analysis of purchasing expenditure to identify patterns, savings, and sourcing opportunities.

Procurement Analytics Reporting and analysis used to monitor purchasing performance and procurement processes.

Negotiation The process of agreeing commercial conditions with a supplier.

Purchasing Category A classification used to group related purchasing spend or responsibilities.

Supplier Selection The process of choosing the supplier that best meets defined business criteria.

Purchase Contract A long-term purchasing agreement with a supplier covering defined materials, services, quantities, or values.

Quantity Contract A contract in which the buyer commits to a target quantity over a validity period.

Value Contract A contract in which the buyer commits to a target monetary value over a validity period.

Contract Item An individual material or service line in a purchase contract.

Target Quantity The total quantity planned or agreed for a quantity contract.

Target Value The total monetary value planned or agreed for a value contract.

Validity Period The start and end dates during which an agreement or condition is valid.

Contract Release Order A purchase order created with reference to a purchase contract.

Contract Consumption The quantity or value already used from a purchasing contract.

Scheduling Agreement A long-term purchasing agreement that uses schedule lines instead of individual purchase orders.

Scheduling Agreement Item An individual material or service line in a scheduling agreement.

Schedule Line A dated quantity requirement within a scheduling agreement.

Release Documentation Records showing scheduling-agreement releases and communicated requirements.

Pricing Condition A component of a purchasing price, such as gross price, discount, freight, or surcharge.

Condition Record Stored master data containing a price or other condition for defined criteria.

Gross Price The price before discounts, surcharges, or other condition adjustments.

Discount A reduction applied to a purchasing price.

Surcharge An additional amount added to a purchasing price.

Contract Expiry The point at which a purchasing contract reaches the end of its validity period.

Service Procurement The process of purchasing, receiving, and settling externally provided services.

Lean Services A simplified SAP process for procuring and confirming services.

Service Purchase Order A purchase order used to procure services from a supplier.

Service Entry Sheet (SES) A document used to record and accept services that have been performed.

Service Performer The person or organization that performs a purchased service.

Service Confirmation Confirmation that an ordered service has been performed.

Planned Service A service whose scope and details are specified in advance.

Unplanned Service A service that is not fully specified as an exact planned line before performance.

Subcontracting A process in which a supplier manufactures or processes a product using components provided by the customer.

Subcontracting Component A component provided to a subcontractor for use in producing the ordered material.

Component Provision The process of supplying components to a subcontractor.

Subsequent Adjustment A later correction to component consumption reported in a subcontracting process.

Consignment A process where supplier-owned stock is stored at the customer's site until it is consumed.

Consignment Stock Stock physically held by the customer but still owned by the supplier.

Consignment Liability The financial obligation created when supplier-owned consignment stock is withdrawn for use.

Consignment Settlement The process of calculating and posting payment obligations for consumed consignment stock.

Stock Transfer The movement of stock between organizational locations within a company or group.

Stock Transport Order (STO) A purchasing document used to manage stock transfers between plants.

External Procurement Obtaining materials or services from an external supplier.

Special Procurement Type A master-data setting that defines a special way a material is procured or supplied.

Inventory Management The SAP functionality used to manage stock quantities and goods movements.

Goods Movement A transaction that changes stock quantity, stock type, or stock location.

Movement Type A code that controls how a goods movement is posted and what effects it has.

Goods Issue (GI) A goods movement that records material leaving inventory or being consumed.

Transfer Posting A posting that changes a material's stock type, status, or organizational assignment.

Stock Type A classification describing the usability or status of stock.

Unrestricted-Use Stock Stock that is available for normal use without restrictions.

Quality Inspection Stock Stock that is held for quality inspection before normal use.

Blocked Stock Stock that is not available for normal use.

Valuated Stock Inventory whose quantity and value are managed in accounting.

Non-Valuated Stock Inventory whose quantity may be tracked without carrying a material value.

Batch A quantity of material produced or procured under the same conditions and managed as a group.

Serial Number A unique identifier used to track an individual physical item.

Inbound Delivery A logistics document describing an expected incoming delivery.

Outbound Delivery A logistics document describing goods that are to be shipped out.

Delivery Note A document accompanying a delivery and describing its contents.

Physical Inventory The process of physically counting stock and reconciling it with system quantities.

Stock Overview A view of available stock across organizational levels and stock types.

Posting Date The date on which a transaction is recorded in financial or inventory accounting.

Document Date The date shown on the original business document.

Invoice Verification The process of checking supplier invoices against purchasing and receipt information.

Three-Way Match Matching a purchase order, goods receipt, and supplier invoice before payment.

Two-Way Match Matching two relevant documents, commonly the purchase order and invoice.

Invoice Block A status that prevents an invoice from being paid until an issue is resolved.

Blocking Reason The specific reason an invoice has been blocked for payment.

Invoice Difference A difference between invoice data and the expected purchasing or receipt data.

Quantity Variance A difference between invoiced quantity and the expected or received quantity.

Price Variance A difference between the invoiced price and the expected purchasing price.

Tax Code A code that determines how tax is calculated and posted.

Evaluated Receipt Settlement (ERS) A process that creates settlement documents automatically from goods receipts instead of supplier invoices.

GR/IR Clearing Account An interim account used to reconcile goods receipts and invoice receipts.

Accounts Payable (AP) The accounting area that manages amounts owed to suppliers.

General Ledger (G/L) Account An account used to record financial transactions in the general ledger.

Fiscal Period A defined accounting period used for financial postings and reporting.

Automatic Settlement System-driven creation of settlement or payment-related postings based on predefined rules.

Credit Memo A document that reduces an amount previously invoiced by a supplier.

Subsequent Debit An additional charge posted after the original invoice without changing the invoiced quantity.

Subsequent Credit A reduction posted after the original invoice without changing the invoiced quantity.

Invoice Reduction A process that reduces an invoice amount when the invoice exceeds the accepted amount.

Tolerance Limit A configured threshold within which a difference may be accepted automatically.

Flexible Workflow A configurable SAP workflow framework used to route purchasing documents for approval.

Workflow An automated sequence of tasks, approvals, or decisions.

Approval Formal authorization allowing a document or process to proceed.

Approver A user responsible for approving a document or request.

Workflow Step An individual task or approval stage within a workflow.

Start Condition A rule that determines when a workflow is triggered.

Exception A situation that differs from the expected process and may require attention.

Situation Handling SAP functionality that proactively alerts users to important business situations.

Situation Type The definition that describes when and how a business situation should be created.

Situation Instance A specific occurrence of a defined situation in business data.

Notification A system message informing a user about an event, task, or situation.

My Inbox A Fiori app used to manage approval tasks and workflow items.

Responsibility Management SAP functionality for determining who is responsible for business tasks or approvals.

Responsibility Rule A rule used to determine the responsible person or team.

Team A defined group of users who share responsibility for business activities.

KPI Key Performance Indicator: a metric used to measure business performance.

Analytical App A Fiori application used to analyze business data and performance.

Embedded Analytics Analytics built directly into S/4HANA using current transactional data.

Operational Reporting Reporting focused on day-to-day business-process performance.

CDS View A Core Data Services model used to expose and structure SAP business data for applications and analytics.

API Application Programming Interface: a defined way for software systems to exchange data or functions.

OData A web protocol commonly used by SAP APIs for accessing and changing business data.

SOAP A structured web-service protocol used for system-to-system communication.

REST An architectural style commonly used to build lightweight web APIs.

Communication Scenario An SAP-defined set of inbound and outbound services for an integration use case.

Communication Arrangement The configured connection that activates a communication scenario with a specific system.

Communication System The representation of an external communication partner system in SAP.

Communication User A technical user used for authenticated system-to-system communication.

Integration The connection of systems and processes so data and activities can flow between them.

SAP Business Accelerator Hub SAP's catalog for discovering APIs, events, integration content, and related resources.

SAP BTP SAP Business Technology Platform: SAP's platform for integration, data, analytics, development, and extensions.

Business Event A published system event indicating that a relevant business change has occurred.

Released API An API officially released by SAP for supported external use.

Released Object An SAP object officially approved for supported extension or integration scenarios.

Custom CDS View A customer-created CDS-based view used to expose or analyze selected SAP data.

Custom Analytical Query A key-user tool for creating analytical queries based on supported data sources.

Extension Additional functionality added to SAP through supported extension mechanisms.

API Sandbox A test environment that allows users to try APIs without affecting a productive system.

Communication Management The setup and administration of communication users, systems, scenarios, and arrangements.

External System A software system outside the current SAP S/4HANA environment.

Data Migration The process of transferring required data from legacy systems into SAP.

SAP S/4HANA Migration Cockpit SAP tool used to migrate supported master and transactional data into S/4HANA.

Migration Object A defined type of business data that can be migrated using the Migration Cockpit.

Migration Template A structured template used to prepare source data for migration.

Staging Table An intermediate table used to hold data before it is migrated into SAP.

Data Mapping The process of matching source-system data fields to the required SAP target structure.

Value Mapping The translation of source-system values into the corresponding SAP target values.

Test Automation Tool SAP functionality used to automate repeatable business-process tests.

Test Script A documented sequence of steps and expected results for testing a process.

Test Plan A structured plan describing which tests will be performed and when.

Test Case A specific scenario used to verify that a function or business process works correctly.

Business Process Test A test that validates an end-to-end business process in the implemented solution.

Regression Testing Testing performed to confirm that existing functionality still works after changes.

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) Testing in which business users confirm that the solution supports their required processes.

Implementation Project A structured project used to configure and deploy an SAP solution.

Business Process Variant A specific configured variation of a standard business process.

Transport The controlled movement of configuration or development content between SAP systems.

Business Configuration Configuration settings that define how business processes operate in SAP.

Go-Live The point at which the new SAP solution begins productive business use.

Hypercare A period of intensive support immediately after go-live to stabilize the solution.

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