Quiz Biomaterial&Implantat

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• Biomaterial A nonviable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems
• Application: Joint replacement (hip, knee) Type of material: Titanium, stainless steel, PE
• Application: Bone plate Type of material: stainless steel, Co-Cr alloy
• Application: Artificial tendon and ligament Type of material: Hydroxylapatie Teflon, Dacron
• Application: Dental implant Type of material: Titanium, alumina, calcium phosphate
• Application: Blood vessel prothesis Type of material: Dacron, Teflon, polyurethane
• Application: Heart valve Type of material: Reprocessed tissue, Stainless steel, Carbon
• Application: Catheter Type of material: Slicone rubber, Teflon, polyurethane
• Application: Artificial heart Type of materials: Polyurethane
• Application: Skin repair template Type of material: Silicone-collage composite
• Application: Artificial kidney Type of material: Cellulose, polyacrylonitrile
• Application: Heart-lung machine Type of material: Silicone rubber
• Application: Cochlear replacement Type of material: Platinum electrodes
• Application: Intraocular lens Type of material: PMMA, silicone rubber, hydrogel
• Application: Contact lens Type of material: Silicone-acrylate, hydrogel
• Application: Corneal bandage Type of material: Collagen, hydrogel
• Medical device device intended to be used for medical purpose
• Tensile stress the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking
• Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to which withstands loads tending to elongate
• Bending strength a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test.
• E-modulus Young's modulus, a mechanical property that measures the stiffness of a solid material
• Coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature
• Coefficient of thermal conductivity equal to the rate of flow heat per unit area per unit temperature gradient across the solid
• Surface tension the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible
• Hardness the resistance of a material to deformation of an indenter of specific size and shape under a known load.
• Density mass per unit volume.
• Hydrophobic the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water
• Hydrophilic a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
• Water sorption physical and chemical process by which one substance becomes attached to another.
• Water solubility a measure of the amount of chemical substance that can dissolve in water at a specific temperature
• Surface friction the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.
• Creep continuous, time- dependent extension under load
• Bonding properties the way the atoms are held together.
• Optical properties define how a material interacts with light
• Application: HIP prosthesis Mechanical Requirements: Strong and rigid
• Application: tendon Mechanical Requirements: Strong and flexible
• Application: Heart valve leaflet Mechanical properties: Flexible and tough
• Application: Cartilage substitute Mechanical Requirements: Soft and elastomeric
• Biocompatibility the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application.
• Hyperacute rejection minutes to hours due to antibody antigen match
• Acute rejection 1 week – 3 months human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch, HLA works as immunological id-tags
• Chronic rejection longer than 3 months (slow immune process not completely charted)
• Allotransplantation Same species, different species, same individual
• Homoplastic Same species
• Xenotransplantation Different species
• Heterotransplantation Different species
• Splittransplantation Splitting of an organ
• Dominotransplantation Heart and lungs from donor 1 --> recipient 1, recipient 1 heart --> recipient 2
• Opt out system "No opinion” = consent!
• Deceased brain dead
• Organs may be kept alive for 24 hours after death.
• Biological material from live humans: May not pose a serious threat to the life or health of the donor, The donor must give consent, Biological material that is not generated may only be taken if the donor is related or is close to the recipient (in special cases unrelated persons may be allowed as donors)
• The biggest “transplant” in volume and number Blood transfusion
• Alloy A metal containing two or more elements
• Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a process to build a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design (CAD) model, usually by successively adding material in layer-bylayer manner.
• Bioactive Able to integrate within living tissue, with direct apposition and bonding between tissue and biomaterial.
• Biodegradable Will degrade (break down, structurally and chemically) in the body from natural process (hydrolysis, enzymatic activity, etc)
• Bioinert Eliciting little, if any, host response and exhibiting little, if any, material changes after implantation.
• Biomaterial A material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the bod
• Biocompatability the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application.
• Bioprinting (3D): Utilizing the 3D printing techniques to combine cells, growth factors and biomaterials to fabricate biomedical parts (living tissue or organ) that maximally imitate the natural tissue or organ characteristics.
• Coagulation Blood clotting
• Corrosion Deterioration and removal by chemical attack
• Endothelialization Population and coverage of a surface with endothelial cells.
• Epithelialization Population and coverage of a surface with epithelial cells.
• Extracellular matrix Network of protein and polysaccharides that serves as a structural element in tissues.
• Foreign body giant cells Large, multinucleated cells formed from the fusion of macrophages, a sign of a long-term biological response to a foreign material that cannot be phagocytosed by macrophages.
• Foreign body reaction Fibrosis and the presence of foreign body giant cells surrounding an implanted object
• Granulation tissue Highly vascularized fibrillar connective tissue, formed to fill a wound or void in a tissue as the inflammatory stage of wound healing process draws to a close
• Hemolysis Destruction of erythrocytes. Hydrolysis: Cleavage of covalent bond by reaction with water
• Hyrdrogel Water-swollen, cross-lined polymer.
• Hydrophilic “Water loving”; refers to polar molecules that are able to form hydrogen bonds with water and consequently dissolve readily in water.
• Hyrdrophobic “Water fearing”; refers to nonpolar molecules that cannot form bonds with water molecules, and therefore the molecules do not dissolve in water.
• Hypersensitivity Allergy
• In vitro in the laboratory.
• In vivo In a living being.
• IOL Intraocular lens Macrophages: Nonlymphatic leukocytes, mature monocytes; primarily important in this text for their functions as phagocytes and as antigen-presenting cells.
• Osseointegration Structural and functional connection between bond and implant in which there is no intervening fibrous tissue or chronic inflammation.
• Osteoblast Bone-forming cell that secretes the bond matrix.
• Osteoclast Large, multinucleated cell that destroys bond matrix.
• Phagocytosis Process of “cellular eating”, by which cells surround, engulf, and consume foreign particles or objects, not related to a cell’s intake of nutrients.
• Platelets Blood-borne cellular fragment that retains enough biochemical activity to adhere to an injured blood vessel or a foreign surface and release chemicals that cause other platelets to aggregate at that site. SEM: Scanning electron microscopy.
• SIMS Secondary ion mass spectroscopy.
• SMM Shape-Memory-Materials are smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state to their original shape induced by external stimulus, such as temperature or stress changes
• Tissue engineering The application of engineering disciplines to either maintain existing tissue structure or to enable tissue growth.
• Thrombus Clot
• UHMWPE Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.
• Wear debris Small pieces of material generated by two articulating surfaces (for example, a femoral head and an acetabular cup) grinding together over time.
• Young’s modulus Modulus of elasticity in tension, stress per unit strain, the slope of the initial linear (elastic) portion of a stress-strain curve. (E = sigma/e)
• ESCA Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis.

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