Psychology- motivation and emotions

instinct an inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus

homeostasis a state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

drives states of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension

behavioural activation system (BAS) roused to action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification

behavioural inhibition system (BIS) responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment

incentives environmental stimuli that pull an organism towards a goal

expectancy x value theory goal-directed behaviour is jointly determined by the strength of the person's expectation that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and by the incentive value the individual places on that goal

extrinsic motivation performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment

intrinsic motivation performing an activity for its own sake

self-actualization the need to fulfil our potential

self-determination theory focuses on three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness

metabolism the body's rate of energy (or caloric) utilization

set point a biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, more accurately, fat mass) is regulated

glucose a simple sugar that is the body's (and especially the brain's) major source of immediately usable fuel

cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide (a type of hormone) that helps produce satiety

leptin a hormone secreted by fat cells

paraventricular nucleus (PVN) cluster of neurons packed with receptor sites for various transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite

anorexia nervosa an intense fear of being fat so that victims severely restrict their food intake to the point of self-starvation

bulimia nervosa a fear of becoming fat, which causes victims to binge-eat and then purge the food

sexual dysfunction chronic, impaired sexual functioning that distresses a person

social comparison comparing our beliefs, feelings and behaviours with those of other people

need for achievement a positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence

achievement goal theory focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself

mastery orientation focus is on personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills

ego orientation the goal is to outperform others (hopefully, with as little effort as possible)

motivational climate situation which encourages or rewards either a mastery approach or an ego approach to defining success

mastery-approach goals the desire to master a task and learn new knowledge or skills

ego-approach goals a competitive orientation that focuses on being judged favourably relative to other people

mastery-avoidance goals a fear of not performing up to one's own standards

ego-avoidance goals avoiding being outperformed by others

2x2 achievement goal theory each of us can be described in terms of an 'achievement motivation profile

approach-approach conflict when we face two attractive alternatives and selecting one means losing the other

avoidance-avoidance conflict when we must choose between two undesirable alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict being attracted to and repelled by the same goal

emotions feeling (or affect) states that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions to events

eliciting stimuli trigger cognitive appraisals and emotional responses

cognitive appraisals the interpretations and meanings that we attach to sensory stimuli

polygraph measures physiological responses, such as respiration, heart rate and skin conductance

expressive behaviours the person's observable emotional displays

fundamental emotional patterns innate emotional reactions

cultural display rules dictate when and how particular emotions are to be expressed

instrumental behaviours directed at achieving some emotion-relevant goal

James-Lange theory our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience

Cannon-Bard theory the subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal do not cause one another but instead are independent responses to an emotion-arousing situation

facial feedback hypothesis feedback from the facial muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience

two-factor theory of emotion the intensity of physiological arousal tells us how strongly we are feeling "something, but situational cues give us the information we need to label the arousal and tell ourselves what we are feeling

subjective well-being (SWB) people's emotional responses and their degree of satisfaction with various aspects of their life

downward comparison seeing ourselves as better off . than the standard for comparison

upward comparison when we view ourselves as worse off than the standard for comparison

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