physiology resp, GI, meta

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• anatomic dead space? volume of conducting airways
• physiological dead space? anatomic dead space + regions of respiratory zone without gas exchange
• type 2 alveolar cells produce? surfactant
• surfactant reduces...? surface tension
• Ach-->M3-receptor leads to...(airways)? constriction
• Epi-->Beta2-receptor leads to...(airways)? dilation
• shifts of O2-hemoglobin curve to the right indicates...? lower affinity
• shifts of the O2-hemoglobin curve to the left indicates...? higher affinity
• blood flow is lowest at the...? apex of the lung
• blood flow is highest at the...? base of the lung
• regional variations in ventilation of lung are not as great as for...? blood flow
• expiratory center? ventral respiratory group
• inspiratory center? dorsal respiratory group
• normal FEV1/FVC...? >70%
• Normal FVC...? >80%
• pathological FEV1/FVC means...? obstructive disorder
• pathological FVC...? restrictive disorder
• apneustic center...? promotes inspiratory center
• pneumotaxic center...? inhibits inspiratory center
• meissners plexus = ... submucosal plexus
• aurbachs plexus = ... myenteric plexus
• the submucosal plexus is located between...? submucosa and tunica muscularis
• the myenteric plexus is located between... circular muscle and longitudinal muscle
• parasympathetic NS innervates GI tract via preganglionic fibers into...? myenteric plexus
• sympathetic NS innervates GI tract via postganglionic fibers into...? myenteric plexus, muscularis and mucosa
• parasympathetic effects on the GI tract are...? increases motility, opens sphincters, stimulates secretion
• sympathetic effects on the GI tract are...? decreases motility, closes sphincters, decreases secretion
• are secreted by platelets and promote adhesion and aggregation...? ADP and TXA2
• primary hemostasis...? vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation
• anorexigenic neurons...? ventromedial and paraventricular nucleus
• orexigenic neurons lateral hypothalamic area
• anorexigenic substances produced in acruate nucleus? POMC, alpha-MSH and CART
• orexigenic substances produced in acruate nucleus? NPY and AgRP
• preoptic area promotes water retention and uptake by stimulating...? paraventricular nucleus and cerebral cortex
• what stimulates preoptic area (thirst regulation)? subfornical organ and nucleus tractus solitarius
• what stimulates subfornical area? increased osmolarity and angiotensin
• what inhibits subfornical area? ANP
• what stimulates nucleus tractus solitarius? visceral osmoreceptors
• what inhibits nucleus tractus solitarius? arterial baroreceptors, cardiopulmonary receptors and oropharyngeal receptors
• preoptic area promotes ... and inhibits ...(thermoregulation)? sweating and dorsomedial hypothalamus
• dorsomedial hypothalamus promotes...? heat production
• what stimulates preoptic area (thermoregulation)? central thermoreceptors, visceral thermoreceptors and warmth skin thermoreceptors
• what inhibits preoptic area (thermoregulation)? cold skin thermoreceptors
• secondary hemostasis? blood coagulation
• secondary hemostasis can be divided into...? intrinsic and extrinsic
• instrinsic secondary hemostasis begins with...? factor XII being activated by negative surface
• extrinsic secondary hemostasis begins with...? tissue factor activating factor VII
• local humoral bronchoconstrictors? histamine, leucotrienes and bradykinin
• local humoral bronchodilators? PGI2 and PGE2, NO and increased CO2

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