Physiology renal and sensory

Cornea RI 1.38

Aqueous humor RI 1.33

Lens RI 1.40

Vitreous humor RI 1.34

Aqueous humor is produced by the ..., travels through the ... to the ..., and is drained through the ... ciliary bodies, iris, anterior chamber, canal of schlemm

normal intraocular pressure ... 10-22 mmHg

glaucoma is caused by ..., and leads to ... drainage problems, increased intraocular pressure

near point for clear vision ... 10-12 cm

normal vision is called... emmetropia

nearsightedness is called... myopia

myopia is caused by ... elongated eye ball

myopia is corrected with... concave lens

myopic eye can see ... away 1 meter

farsightedness is called... hyperopia

hyperopia is due to ... squished eye ball

hyperopia is corrected with ... convex lens

hyperopic eye can see ... close but no closer 50 cm

astigmastism is due to ... uneven refractive power

persbiopia is due to... old age

rhodopsin consists of ... retinal and opsin

light turns rhodopsin into ... trans isomer

pigment cells turns rhodopsin into ... cis isomer

long cone detects... 560 nm (red) light

middle cone detects... 530 nm (green) light

short cone detects... 430 nm (blue) light

protanopia affects ... long cone

deuteranopia affects ... middle cone

tritanopia affects... short cone

achromatic vision means that there are ... no normal cones

P ganglionar cells detect... fine details, color

M ganglionar cells detect... movement

K ganglionar cells detect... color

Photosensitive ganglionar cells regulate... circadian rhythms, pupillary reflexes

normal visual field... 60 degrees upward, 70 degrees downward, 90 degrees laterally

blind spot is ... 15 degrees laterally

taste cells are innervated by cranial nerves... x, ix, vii

bitter threshold... 10^-6 M

sour threshold... 10^-4 M

umami threshold... 10^-4 M

salty threshold... 10^-2 M

sweet threshold... 10^-1 M

absence of taste is called... ageusia

absence of smell is called... anosmia

diminished sense of smell is called... hyposmia

smell center is... uncus

nociceptive center... postcentral gyrus

increased sensitivity to pain is called... hyperalgesia

pain resulting from a stimulus which would not normally provoke pain is called... allodynia

peripheral sensitization is caused by... inflammatory substances

some inflammatory substances could be... histamine, endothelin, bradykinin, prostaglandins, interleukins, adenosine

central sensitization is due to... inhibitory neuron not working

A delta nerve fiber speed... 5-40 m/s

C nerve fiber speed... 0.5-2 m/s

primary pain is transmited through... A delta fibers

secondary pain is transmited through... C fibers

organisation of central antinociceptive neurons... limbic system-->periaqueductal grey matter-->raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus-->inhibitory neuron in spinal cord

periaqueductal grey matter secretes... dopamine

raphe nuclei secretes... serotonin

locus coeruleus secretes... norepinephrine

normal GFR... 90 ml/min/1.73 m^2

normal serum creatinine... 0.7-1.3 mg/dl

reabsorption in proximal convuluted tubule... 65%

reabsorption in nephron loop... 25%

reabsorption in distal convuluted tubule... 5%

reabsorption in collecting ducts... 4%

normal blood glucose concentration... 3.33-5.55 mM

reabsorption threshold for glucose... 11 mM

reab. of K+ and Phosphates in prox. tubules... 80%

reab. of Glucose in prox. tubules... 100%

reab. of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, H2O in prox. tubules... 65%

reab. of proteins/AAs in prox. tubules... 99%

reab. of urea in prox. tubules.... 50%

reab. of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and H2O in nephron loop... 25%

reab. of K+ in nephron loop... 10%

secretion of urea in nephron loop... 60%

reab. of Na+, Cl- and H2O in dist. tubules... 5%

Reab. of K+ in dist. tubule if low K+ diet.... 2%

Secretion of K+ in distal tubules if high K+ intake... 20-180%

reab. of Ca2+ in dist. tubules... 8%

reab. of Phosphates on the dist. tubule... 10%

reab. of Na+, Cl- and H2O in the collecting ducts... 4%

reab. of K+ in collecting ducts if low K+ intake... 6%

reab. of K+ in collecting ducts if K+ intake high... 20-40%

reab. of Ca2+ in collecting ducts... 1%

reab. of Urea in collecting ducts... 70%

touch center... postcentral gyrus

visceral reception centers... subcortical

temp sensation center... postcentral gyrus

vision center... occipital lobe

hearing center... superior temporal gyrus

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