Physiology 2

Atrial systole (time) 0.1 s

Ventricular systole (time) 0.3 s

isovolumetric contraction (time) 0.04 s

ejection (time) 0.26 s

common diastole = both ventricle and atrium relaxing (time) 0.4 s

isovolumetric relaxation (time) 0.08 s

passive filling (time) 0.32 s

pulse wave velocity (aorta) 5 m/s

pulse wave velocity (hand arteries) 6-8 m/s

pulse wave velocity (leg arteries) 7-9 m/s

max systolic (ejection) pressure left ventricle 125-130 mmHg

max systolic (ejection) pressure right ventricle 25-30 mmHg

Cardiac output (CO) at rest 4-6 l/min

cardiac output (CO) during physical activity 15-30 l/min

cardiac index 2.5-4 l/min/m2

stroke volume (at rest?) 60-100 ml

reserve volume 20-40 ml

residual volume 10-20 ml

end diastolic volume (EDV) equal to... StrokeV+reserveV+residualV

end systolic volume (ESV) is equal to... reserveV+residualV

ejection fraction is equal to... SV/EDV

ejection fraction (norm) 50-70%

systolic pressure (Ps) norm less or equal to 120 mmHg

diastolic pressure (Pd) norm less or equal to 80 mmHg

pulse pressure (Pp) = ... Ps-Pd

pulse pressure is related to... stroke volume

systolic pressure is related to... force of contraction and stiffness of aorta

diastolic pressure is related to... TPR

Hydrostatic pressure arteriole side (Pca) 35 mmHg

Hydrostatic pressure interstitial space (Pi) 3 mmHg

Hydrostatric pressure venule side (Pcv) 15 mmHg

colloid osmotic pressure capillary (Pi-cap) 25 mmHg

colloid osmotic pressure (Pi-inter) 5 mmHg

Net hydrostatic pressure (delta P) = ... Pcap-Pinter

delta P describes... resulting force that stimulates filtration

net colloid osmotic pressure (delta pi) = ... Picap-Piinter

delta pi describes resulting force that stimulates reabsorption

effective filtration pressure (Pef) = ... Delta P - Delta pi

effective filtration pressure describes... which pressure is greater

CVP normal 0-6 mmHg

norm lymph into thoracic ducts 100 ml/h

norm lymph into right lymphatic ducts 20 ml/h

adult lymph norm 2-3 l/h

BV neural vasoconstrictors Symp fibers T1-L3

BV neural vasodilators Para fibers, symp fibers T1-L3, axon reflex

BV central hormonal vasocontrictors Epi (alpha1), Norep (alpha1), Renin-angiotensin (AT1, AT2), Vasopressin (V1)

BV central hormonal vasodilators Epi (Beta2), ANP, BNP

Peripheral myogenic vasocontriction stretch

Peripheral myogenic vasodilators no stretch

peripheral hormonal vasocontrictors serotonin, tromboxan (A2), leucotrienes, endothelins

peripheral hormonal vasodilators histamine, kinines, NO, PGI2, PGE2, EDHF

peripheral metabolic vasocontrictors dec Pco2, inc Po2, inc pH, dec adenosine, dec K+

peripheral metabolic vasodilators inc Pco2, dec Po2, dec pH, inc adenosine, inc K+

max oxygen uptake untrained (l/min) 2-3 l/min

max oxygen uptake trained (l/min) up to 6.5 l/min

average oxygen uptake (men) (ml/min/kg) 35-45 ml/min/kg

average oxygen uptake (women) (ml/min/kg) 30-40 ml/min/kg

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