MM-2

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• Persuasion Attempt to convince someone to believe or act a certain way (neutral term).
• Manipulation Influencing others unfairly or dishonestly.
• Censorship Suppressing or controlling information.
• Echo chamber A space where only similar views are repeated.
• Dehumanisation Portraying the enemy or group as less than human, e.g. they are like animals.
• Fear appeal Scaring the audience to promote action or loyalty, e.g. if we do not act now, we will lose everything.
• Name-calling Using negative labels to discredit opponents, e.g. traitor.
• Bandwagon effect Suggesting everyone is already doing or believing something.
• Testimonial Using a famous or respected figure to endorse an idea.
• Plain folks appeal Presenting leaders as ordinary, relatable people.
• Emotional appeal Targeting emotions rather than logic.
• Loaded language Words with strong emotional associations, e.g. cowardly enemies.
• Slogan A short, memorable phrase used to persuade, e.g. keep calm and carry on.
• Hyperbole Exaggeration for effect, e.g. I’m so bored I could die.
• Scapegoating Blaming one person/group for all problems.
• Selective omission Leaving out inconvenient facts.
• Simplification Reducing complex issues to black-and-white terms.
• Appeal to authority Referring to experts or institutions to add legitimacy, e.g. scientists agree that…

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