Mintzberg & Waters (1985) – Deliberate and Emergen

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• Strategy may form through consistent patterns of action without prior intention emergence
• Purely planned strategies require full control and no external interference deliberate
• Realized strategy results from both intention and learning hybrid
• Organizations learn what works through action rather than planning alone learning
• Strategy formation unfolds over time rather than through a single decision process
• Unintended actions can become central to strategy patterns
• Organizations adjust strategy in response to surprises adaptation
• Strategy cannot be separated from organizational practice enactment
• Excessive planning can prevent learning rigidity
• Strategy always combines control and learning duality

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