Mikrobiologi NBIA23

Alla Inga Spara

• sphere shaped bacteria Coccus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
• stick shaped bacteria (Bacillus) Rod, Escherichia coli
• mixture between sphere and stick shape, a blob Coccobacillus, Bordetella pertussis
• Spiral shaped, flexible Spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi
• Spiral shaped, rigid Spirillum, Campylobacter jejuni
• Thread shaped bacteria, like yarn Filamentous bacteria, Nocardia asteroides
• double coccus diplococcus
• cluster/bunch (of grapes) coccus Staphylococcus
• Twisted/chain coccus streptococcus
• bundle (four on four) coccus sarcina
• (groups of) four coccus tetrad
• Archeal shape: Haloquadratum walsbyi flat squares
• Archeal shape: Ferroplasma acidiphilum ameboid
• cell size for prokaryotes (most are small, but there are larger ones too) 0,2-750 µm
• cell size for eukaryotes 10-200 µm
• What is the advantage of having more surface area relativ to cell volume than large cells? more efficient nutrient exchange and faster growth
• What is the lower limit of cell sizes and why? 0,15 µm, not enough space for basic cellular materials ex: DNA
• Common for all living organisms (Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya), but not everything with THIS is an organism. cell membranes
• Elongation of the word Phospholipid Phosphatidylethanolamine
• Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes consist of a Lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
• These are the linkages, present in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes ester linkages
• These are the linkages, present in Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes ether linkages
• One form of Archaeal cytplasmic membranes has Phytanyl as tail and is called Glycerol diether
• One form of Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes has Biphytanyl as tail and is called Diglycerol tetraethers
• One Archaeal cytoplasmic membrane has four cyclopentanes and one cyclohexane and is called Crenarchaeol
• Archaeal membrane can have its phospholipids stuck together by the tails Lipid monolayer
• Archaeal membranes can have the phospholipid layers separate Lipid bilayer
• Bacterial membranes are lipid bilayers, while Archaeal membranes can have either bilayer, monolayer or both
• Three functions of the cytoplasmic membrane are permeability barrier, protein anchor and energy conservation
• This is what the membrane is "energised" by Proton motive force, PMF
• Layer located outside of the cytoplasmic membrane cell wall
• This is the function of the cell wall provide structural support to the osmotic pressure of the cell membrane
• The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan with beta-1,4 bonds
• Peptidoglycan has G and M, G is called N-Acetylglocoseamine
• Peptidoglycan has G and M, M is called N-Acetylmuramic acid
• Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys the cell wall . it does not lyse cells, but it leads to lysis
• What is the meaning of lysis? cellbursting
• The gram positive cell wall is provided with rigidity by having Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acid that connects the cell wall and the cell membrane
• The most unique feature of the gram negative cell wall An outer membrane with LPS
• What is the space amongst gram negative cell walls called, in which you can find the peptidoglycan? periplasm
• LPS Lipopolysaccharide
• When staining a cell with a gram positive cell wall it gets the color blue since the iodine traps the dye inside of the cell wall.
• When staining a cell with a gram negative cell wall it gets the color red since the the color is washed out and is stained by the safranin
• LPS is otherwise known as this. endotoxin
• LPS is made of three layers. Name them in the order of what layer is closest to the membrane Lipid A, Core polysaccharide, O-antigen
• O-antigen, otherwise known as O-specific polysaccharide is at the end of the LPS
• All bacteria have cell walls false - some have, false - no bacteria have cell walls, true
• Various types of archaeal cell walls? pseudomurein, S-layers, polysaccharides
• What is a cell envelope? components surrounding the cell, only for Bacteria
• Components that can be part of the cell envelope Capsule polysaccharides, S-layer, outer membrane, cell wall/peptidoglycan, inner membrane, proteins and other molecules

Alla Inga Spara