Linguistics

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• what is phonetics? the scientific study of the characteristics of speech sounds
• What is articulary phonetics? the study of how speech sounds are made
• what is acoustic phonetics? the physical properties of speech as sound waves
• what is auditory/perceptual phonetics? the perception of speech sounds via the ear
• What is the phonetic definition of a consonant? a speech sound produced by restricting the airflow with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract
• what is the phonological definition of a consonant a speech sound that cannot function as the nucleus in a syllable
• What are the places in the mouth where the constriction of a consonant takes place? bilabial, alveolar, labiodental, interdental, velar, uvular, postaveolar
• what are the manners of consonats? stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids
• what are voiced consonants? vocal chords drawn together and vibrate
• what are voiceless consonants? the vocal chords are spread apart no vibration
• what is the phonetic def. of a vowel? a sound produced through the vocal chords without constriction of the airflow in the mouth
• what is the phonological def. of a vowel? a sound that can form the nucleus of a syllable
• tense vowels are...? long
• lax vowels are..? short
• what is phonology? the systematic organization of sounds in particular languages
• what is a phoneme? a unit of sound that distinguish one word from another
• what is an allophone? one of a set of multiple spoken sounds or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme
• what is phonotactics? the constraints on sequences or positions of phonemes
• what is a syllable? a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds
• what is the obligatory part of a syllable? the nucleus
• what are the coarticulation effects? assimilation, nasalization, elision
• what is assimilation? a feature/aspect of one phoneme affects another
• what is nasalization? non-nasal sounds become nasal
• what is elision? a sound disappears
• What is duality/double articulation? the meaningless phonemes combine into meaningful morphemes
• what is a morpheme? the smallest meaningful bearing unit in a language
• two kinds of morphemes? bound, free
• two kinds of free morphemes? lexical, functional
• three kinds of bound morphemes? inflectional, derivational, lexical
• what is an inflectional morpheme? changes the form, but the word is the same, plural s and past tense -ed
• what is a derivational morpheme? derives new word, often different word class
• what is a bound lexical morpheme? such as cran- in cran-berry and -peat in re-peat
• what is a prefix? before the stem, such as un- in unhappy
• what is a suffix? after the stem, such as -er in driver
• what is an infix? inside the stem
• what is a circumfix? around the stem
• how do we get new words? derivation, compounding, conversion, borrowing, calque, coinage, clipping
• new word by derivation by means of affixes, free > freedom
• new word by compounding often noun+noun, corkscrew
• new word by conversion change of word class, forward (adverb > verb)
• new word by borrowing untranslated loanword, smorgasbord
• new word by calque translated loanword, superman (origin is german)
• new word by coinage newly invented words, google, aspirin
• new word by clipping shortening of word, lab from laboratory, photo from photograph
• what are the modal verbs? can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
• what are the auxiliary verbs? be, do, have

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