Linguistics

what is phonetics? the scientific study of the characteristics of speech sounds

What is articulary phonetics? the study of how speech sounds are made

what is acoustic phonetics? the physical properties of speech as sound waves

what is auditory/perceptual phonetics? the perception of speech sounds via the ear

What is the phonetic definition of a consonant? a speech sound produced by restricting the airflow with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract

what is the phonological definition of a consonant a speech sound that cannot function as the nucleus in a syllable

What are the places in the mouth where the constriction of a consonant takes place? bilabial, alveolar, labiodental, interdental, velar, uvular, postaveolar

what are the manners of consonats? stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids

what are voiced consonants? vocal chords drawn together and vibrate

what are voiceless consonants? the vocal chords are spread apart no vibration

what is the phonetic def. of a vowel? a sound produced through the vocal chords without constriction of the airflow in the mouth

what is the phonological def. of a vowel? a sound that can form the nucleus of a syllable

tense vowels are...? long

lax vowels are..? short

what is phonology? the systematic organization of sounds in particular languages

what is a phoneme? a unit of sound that distinguish one word from another

what is an allophone? one of a set of multiple spoken sounds or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme

what is phonotactics? the constraints on sequences or positions of phonemes

what is a syllable? a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds

what is the obligatory part of a syllable? the nucleus

what are the coarticulation effects? assimilation, nasalization, elision

what is assimilation? a feature/aspect of one phoneme affects another

what is nasalization? non-nasal sounds become nasal

what is elision? a sound disappears

What is duality/double articulation? the meaningless phonemes combine into meaningful morphemes

what is a morpheme? the smallest meaningful bearing unit in a language

two kinds of morphemes? bound, free

two kinds of free morphemes? lexical, functional

three kinds of bound morphemes? inflectional, derivational, lexical

what is an inflectional morpheme? changes the form, but the word is the same, plural s and past tense -ed

what is a derivational morpheme? derives new word, often different word class

what is a bound lexical morpheme? such as cran- in cran-berry and -peat in re-peat

what is a prefix? before the stem, such as un- in unhappy

what is a suffix? after the stem, such as -er in driver

what is an infix? inside the stem

what is a circumfix? around the stem

how do we get new words? derivation, compounding, conversion, borrowing, calque, coinage, clipping

new word by derivation by means of affixes, free > freedom

new word by compounding often noun+noun, corkscrew

new word by conversion change of word class, forward (adverb > verb)

new word by borrowing untranslated loanword, smorgasbord

new word by calque translated loanword, superman (origin is german)

new word by coinage newly invented words, google, aspirin

new word by clipping shortening of word, lab from laboratory, photo from photograph

what are the modal verbs? can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

what are the auxiliary verbs? be, do, have

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