Kognitiv vt 22

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• ”Slips” in human behavior typically occur when not paying enough attention to what one is doing while trying to perform a routine task, perform a novel task, do several things at once, plan an action
• Being in a “tip of the tongue”-state is best described by the inability to access information about a word’s phonological properties, Syntatctic properties, Phonological and syntactic properties, semantic and syntactic properties
• Which of the following is a test of working memory? Digit Span, Tower-of-Hanoi, Block Design, Digit-Symbol Coding
• Loftus’ studies on eye-witness memory shows that memory is reconstructive: it is influenced by post-event information, constructive: it is influenced by previous knowledge, static: it tends to be very robust against distortions, contextual: it is influenced by situational cues
• The Encoding-Specificity-Principle (Tulving) states that we remember best if we receive the same cues at test as we encoded during study, use different modalities to encode information, encode information by deep processing, generate the information at encoding rather than just watch or listen
• The process by which the representation of a problem is changed in order to find the appropriate solution is known as restructuring, insight, trial and error learning, analogical problem solving
• ”Shadowing” in a dichotic listening task involves listening to different messages delivered simultaneously to each ear and... repeating what is presented in one ear, trying to ignore the messages, trying to repeat both messages simultaneously, switching attention between the messages
• Which statement fits best with the cognitive view of the subconscious? The subconscious consists of bottom-up processes, The subconscious consists of highly automatic processes, The subconscious consists of highly controlled processes, The subconscious consists of top-down processes
• Which of the following is a ”well-defined” concept? Triangle, chair, Game, Cake
• In order to observe false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm the false memory items (critical lures) should have strong association with the category, have high frequency in the language, have low frequency in the language, have low association with the category
• Deconstructing an object into a set of component features that can be compared to information in memory is known as: Feature analysis, Censoring, Data mining, Fourier analysis
• If you needed to remember what presents you received for your birthday a year ago, you would use your episodic memory, procedural memory, working memory, semantic memory
• Luchin’s "Water-Jar Problem" shows how problem solving can be impaired by mental set, function fixedness, negative transfer, processing capacity
• _______ amnesia refers to an impaired ability to remember events that took place before the damage that caused the amnesia Retrograde, Anterograde, Infantile, Global
• What statement is the most correct? Memory is a by-product of information processing, sub-conscious processing, sensory processing, conscious processing
• type of logical inference people tend to find difficult Modus tollens, Modus ponens, Modus imperativus, Modus operandi
• Which of the following is most important for facilitating understanding and remembering information when parsing sentences? Establishing a semantic context, Priming with a phonologically similiar word, Building garden path sentences, Using the phonmeic restoration effect
• The problem space theory involves states and operations, restructuring and insight, trial and error, analogies and transfer
• Research has investigated the relationship between inspection time and intelligence. Which of the following best describes this relationship? Highly intelligent people have very fast inspection times, People with lower intelligence scores have fast inspection times, There is no relationship between inspection time and intelligence, Highly intelligent people tend to increase their inspection time
• Which of the following is a test of the ability to inhibit task-irrelevant information? The stroop test, Block Design, Tower-of-Hanoi, Digit-Symbol Coding
• It is easier to solve Maier’s two string problem if The pliers are present alone: without other objects, No objects are present: only the two strings, The pliers are present in a context with nails: cardboard: a ladder: etc, The pliers are not present: only cardboard: nails and ladder
• What cognitive ability is (primarily) measured by the Standard Progressive Matrices? fluid intelligence, crystalized intelligence, wokring memory, episodic memory
• According to what theory is the identification of objects based on the recovery of some of the constituent parts (and their configuration)? Biederman’s recognition-by-components theory, protoype theory, template theory, Feature integration theory
• False memory can be demonstrated when people erroneously recall or recognise words that were not on a study list. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, the study lists contain related words: from the same category, words that rhyme, words that result in spontaneous imagery, unfamiliar words
• The stop sign has a unique shape that makes it easier to detect in traffic. We can spot it easily by feature search, conjunction search, divided attention, vigilance
• Alice suffers from a peculiar perceptual deficit, such that she does not recognize her own face in the mirror. This phenomenon is called prosopagnosia, Simultagnosia, visual-object agnosia, spatial agnosia
• ______ perception involves the central idea that we use both sensory information prior knowledge and cognitive processes when we perceive Constructivist, Computational, Direct, Subliminal
• The process that results in the transformation of external information to mental representation is called encoding, decoding, retrival, storage
• A particular form of error attributed to the representativeness heuristic is Conjunction fallacy, status quo bias, omission bias, fundamental attribution error
• What cognitive ability is (primarily) measured by the Digit Span task? working memory, episodic memory, attention, fluid intelligence
• It is common to see that people are faster to recognize words that are a common part of their occupation What do we call this effect? The word frequency effect, the priming effect, The lexical bias effect, The lexical decision effect
• Learning without a general plan, by painstakingly trying out various solutions, usually without success is known as: trial and error learning, insight, restructuring, analogical problem solving
• Long-term storage of declarative memories is primarily dependent on amygdala, cerebellum, cerebral cortexbasal ganglia
• In a study by Godden and Baddeley's (1975) it was found that Scuba divers better recalled lists learned under water when they were tested under water and better recalled lists learned on land when they were tested on land. What is this an example of? Context dependent effects, State dependent memory effects, Spacing effects, Mood dependent memory effects
• In comparison to the Gestalt approach what approach is more widely applicable to a range of problem types? The expert problem solving approach, The prototype approach, The biological approach, The information processing approach
• _______ amnesia refers to an impaired ability to remember events that took place after the damage that caused the amnesia Anterograde, retrograde, global, infantil
• The lexical bias of errors in speech production means that the result is most likely to be a real word, a pseudoword, a mix of two words, a segmentation error
• Which approach to concept formation and categorisation is based on developing an ideal example that best represent a category (even if the example does not actually exist)? prototype approach, exemplar approach, classical approach, explanation-based approach
• Nested categories with some categories being included in others (eg the category "birds" is a subset of the category "animals") are known as conceptual hierarchies, typicality gradients, algorithms, prototypes
• False memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm can be seen as an example of the reconstructive nature of memory, a bottleneck in attentional processing, recovery of repressed memories, how the episodic buffer supports phonological short term memory
• What can be defined as 'a group of entities that exist in the natural world'? natural category, nominal kind, nominal category, artefact category
• What level of abstraction is known as the "basic level" in prototype theory? intermediate or mid-level, top level, subordinate level, superordinate level
• A form of knowledge representation that preserves the essence of an event in abstract form Propostition, epiphenomenon, holograph, template
• What is defined as a memory structure that encodes both default and variable information about an object or category? Schema, Script, Node, Concept
• The most recent addition to the Working Memory model is called Episodic buffer, Central executive, Phonologic loop, Visio-Spatial sketchpad
• _____refers to a frame-work for memory storage according to which deeper processing at study results in easier recall Levels of processing, Dual code theory, The working memory model, Parallell-distributed-processing
• __________ memory is a form of memory that does not require deliberate recollection implicit, explicit, semantic, episodic
• According to Tulving's Encoding-Specificity-Principle memory is determined by_______ the degree of overlap between cues at encoding and retrieval, the amount of rehersal at encoding, the degree of overlap between processes used at encoding and retrieving, the level of processing
• During short-term storage the primary code is_____ acoustic, phonological, amodal, episodic
• According to research on rehearsal what is the name of the rehearsal process where stimuli are subjected to a deeper level of semantic processing that recodes them more efficiently elaborativ rehersal, rote rehersal, maintanence rehersal, dress rehersal
• What kind of processing involves increasingly complex levels of processing? bottom up, top down, transduction, proprioception
• It is useful to study visual illusions because: they provide clues about how our cognitive system provides info, they highlight the fact that the visual system can be deceived, it is possible to identify which brain region is involved, they are fascinating examples of erroneous perception
• What alternative best captures the perceptual process? To recognize a familiar object, to follow an object with the gaze, the firing of feature detectors in primary visual cortex, the transofrmation of signals along the optic nerve
• "Affordance" (Gibson) is the idea that we perceive the functions of objects without much cognitive processing, perception of complex objects is limited by our cognitive resources, our perception of objects is influenced by our needs, the optical and functional properties of objects are equivalent
• Which of these statements best fits how we should view perception? A combination of bottom up and top-down best accounts for perception, bottom up theories best account for perception, top down theories best account for perception, there exist no satisfying account for perception
• That object perception can be influenced by expectations is best explained by top down theories, bottom up theories, marrs computational theory of vision, gibsons theory of direct perception
• Practice is necessary but not sufficient for a response to become automatised. The relation between stimulus and response must also be__________ consistent, meaningful, variable, conscious
• A problem where some aspects (eg the goal or the operators) are not specified rather like most everyday problems are referred to as: ill-defined, fuzzy, conditional, well-defined
• The problem-solving strategy "Means-end analysis" involves_________ Setting a subgoal that reduces the distance between the current state and the target state, using all possible means to reach the goal, working backwards from the goal to the start, generating and testing different solutions
• Which decision making heuristic is closely related to the conjunction fallacy representativeness, affect, anchoring and adjustment, availability
• Why is Maier's (1931) two string problem difficult to solve? because there is a fixation on the cutting function of the pliers, because the solution requires analogical thinking, which is difficult, because of limitations on the working memory, because it depends on a high degree of personal creativity
• The problem space theory involves states and operations, restructuring and insight, analogies and transfer, trial and error
• The heuristic consisting of choosing any action that brings one closer to a goal state is known as hill climbing, the availability heuristic, means-end analysis, the recognition heuristic
• The Gestalt psychologists identified two main obstacles to insight which were mental set and functional fixedness, re structuring and heuristics, incubation and brainstorming, means end and hill climbing
• The ability to talk about things that are not immediately present is an important feature of language that helps us communicate future and past events. What is this feature of language called? displacement, arbitrariness, semanticity, productivity
• What does findings from studies using the sentence verification task tell us about the mental lexicon? It takes longer to make decisions about false statements, activation can spread to phonologically similar words, slower access to small categories of words, there is a bias for producing real words
• It is common to see that people are faster to recognize words that are a common part of their occupation What do we call this effect word frequency effect, priming effect, lexical decision effect, lexical bias effect
• False memory can be demonstrated when people erroneously recall or recognise words that were not on a study list. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, the study lists contain related word: e.g. from the same category, words that rhyme, words that result in spontaneous imagery, unfamiliar words

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