Kapitel 1 psykologi

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• mind-body dualism the belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body
• monism holds that mind and body are one and that the mind is not a separate spiritual entity
• Empiricism school which holds that all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically – that is, through the senses
• structuralism the analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements
• functionalism held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than its structure
• Psychodynamic perspective (Psykodynamiskt perspektiv) Ett psykologiskt perspektiv som fokuserar på hur personlighetsprocesser, inklusive omedvetna impulser, försvar, och konflikter, påverkar beteendet
• psychoanalysis En psykologisk teori, ursprungligen utvecklad av Freud, som betonar inre och främst de omedvetna orsakerna till beteende
• defence mechanisms psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences
• behavioural perspective focuses on the role of the external environment in govern- ing our actions. From this perspective, our behaviour is jointly determined by habits learned from previous life experiences and by stimuli in our immediate environment.
• Behaviourism a school of thought that emphasizes environmental control of behaviour through learning, began to emerge in 1913. John B. Watson (1878–1958), who led the new movement, strongly opposed the ‘mentalism’ of the structuralists, functionalists and psy- choanalysts.
• cognitive behaviourism which proposes that learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave
• cognitive behaviourism proposes that learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave
• humanistic perspective (or humanism) emphasized free will, personal growth and the attempt to find meaning in one’s existence
• cognitive perspective examines the nature of the mind and how cognitive processes influence behaviour. In this view, humans are information processors whose actions are governed by thought.
• positive psychology movement: emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfilment and optimal living
• cognitive perspective examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behaviour
• Gestalt psychology examines how elements of experience are organized into wholes
• Cognitive psychology which focuses on the study of mental processes, embodies the cognitive perspective. Cognitive psychologists study the processes by which people rea- son and make decisions, devise solutions to problems, form perceptions and mental images, and produce and understand language.
• Cognitive neuroscience which uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain- imaging techniques to examine brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks, is a rapidly growing area that represents the intersection of cognitive psychology and the bio- logical perspective within psychology. Cognitive neuroscientists seek to determine how the brain goes about its business of learning language, acquiring knowledge, forming memories and performing other cognitive activities
• Social constructivism an influential cognitive viewpoint, maintains that what we consider ‘reality’ is largely our own mental creation, from a shared way of thinking among members of social groups
• sociocultural perspective: examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behaviour, thoughts and feelings
• culture the enduring values, beliefs, behaviours and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next
• norms rules (often unwritten) that specify what behaviour is acceptable and expected for members of a group
• socialization the process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them
• behaviour genetics the study of how behavioural tendencies are influenced by genetic factors
• cross-cultural psychology explores how culture is transmit- ted to its members, and examines psychological similarities and differences among people from diverse cultures.
• individualistic :an emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on one’s own attributes and achievements
• collectivist individual goals are subordinated to those of the group, and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind one to the extended family and other social groups
• biological perspective examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour
• behavioural neuroscience (also called physiological psychology) which examines brain processes and other physiological functions that under- lie our behaviour, sensory experiences, emotions and thoughts
• behavioural neuroscience: examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behaviour, sensory experiences, emotions and thoughts
• natural selection if an inherited trait gives certain members an advantage over others these members will be more likely to survive and pass these characteristics on to their offspring
• neurotransmitters chemical released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another
• evolutionary psychology a growing discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour

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