Flashcards Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology

Övningen är skapad 2019-05-02 av Joakar980515. Antal frågor: 45.




Välj frågor (45)

Vanligtvis används alla ord som finns i en övning när du förhör dig eller spelar spel. Här kan du välja om du enbart vill öva på ett urval av orden. Denna inställning påverkar både förhöret, spelen, och utskrifterna.

Alla Inga

  • Why is the ecosystem concept so important for managing Earth's resources? Since it addresses the interactions which link the biotic system with the physical system, and people are a part and depend on these.
  • What is that target of research for ecosystem ecology? Links between organisms and their physical environment.
  • Why is it important to study the flow of energy and materials in an ecosystem? Because it provides a framework for understanding the diversity of form and functioning of Earth's physical and biological processes.
  • Why do tropical forests have large trees but only a thin layer of dead leaves compared to tundras? Since tropical forests have less fertile soil than tundras.
  • What's the aim of ecosystem analyses? Understanding the factors that regulate the poosl and fluxes of materials and energy through ecosystems.
  • Give examples of fluxes Absorption of minerals by plants, fall of autumn leaves, decomposition of dead organic matter
  • When is an ecosystem at steady-state? When the balance between inputs and outputs to the system shows no trend with time.
  • What is succession? The directional change in ecosystem structure and functioning that follows disturbance.
  • Which are the essential abiotic components of terrestrial ecosystems? Water, the atmosphere and soil
  • What are the major components in a ecosystem model? Plants, animals and decomposers.
  • What are the state factors that govern ecosystem structure and functioning? Climate, parent material, topography, potential biota and time.
  • Which factor determines most strongly the ecosystem processes and structure, on broad geographic scales? Climate
  • How does stabilizing feedbacks work? By one component having opposite effect on another.
  • How does amplifying feedbacks work? By two components having positive effect on one another.
  • Name three novel chemicals introduced by humans. CFCs, DDT and PCBs.
  • What is resilience? The capacity of social-ecological systems ot maintain similar structures, functionings and ffed-backs despite disturbance.
  • How is that biodiveristy can confer resilience? Since a larger number of species is likely to sustain ecosystem processes over a broader range of conditions.
  • What are the three main ecosystem services that society benefits from? Provisioning, regulating and cultural services
  • Give examples of provisioning services? Ecosystem goods eg. food, fiber and water.
  • Give examples of regulating services? Regulaton of climate, water quantity and quality, disease, wild fire spread and pollination
  • Give examples of cultural services? Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits.
  • Which two factors govern the rates of many biological & chemical reactions that control critical ecosystem processes? Temperature & water availability
  • What radiatively active gases absorb 90 % of outgoing longwave radiation? Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides & industrial products eg CFCs.
  • What is an aerosol? Small solid or liquid particles suspended in air.
  • What determines the reflectvity (albedo)? Aerosols together with clouds, gases and snow/ice.
  • How does vegetation influence climate? By its effects on the surface energy budget.
  • How does overgrazing contribute to cooling and reduced capacity for a area to recover? Since it increases albedo, reduces energy absorption and the transfer of energy to the atmosphere.
  • Why does deserts have such high surface temperatures? Because of their dry smooth area and the limited suppy of moisture.
  • What has primarily driven millenial-scale climatic change? Changes in the distribution of solar input & changes in atmospheric composition.
  • What variations in Earth's orbit influence the amount of solar radiation received a different places & periods? Eccentricity, tilt and precession.
  • What is the definition of eccentricity? The degree of ellipticity of Earth's orbit around the sun.
  • What the definition of tilt? The angle between Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun.
  • What is the definition of precession? A wobbling in Earth's axis of rotation with respect to stars, determining when different locations are closest to the sun.
  • Name a proof of anthropogenic climate change? Earth's climate btween 1950-2000 have been warmer than any 50-year interval during the last 500 years or more.
  • How does the atmosphere influence radiation? It transmits 50% of incoming shortwave but absorbs 90% of outgoing longwave.
  • How does convection work? Cool material sinks, sinking material heats up, hot material rises, energy released to cooler region etc.
  • Explain the rock cycle. Soil/rock-->sediments-->sedimentary rocks-->metemorphic rocks-->magma-->igneous rocks-->soil/rock
  • When is the availbility of phosphorus for plants highest in geologic substrates? Early in the newly exposed substrate.
  • Give the characteristics of the layers of soil above the bedrock. Top: Organic(decomposed)-->Mineral+humus-->Leaching-->Metals(accumulation)-->Parent material.
  • What factors determine the soil profile? Decomposers, humidity and temperature.
  • What do we know of soil pH globally? Generally low; acidic.
  • What human activities increases soil erosion? Cultivation, redirection of waterflow, deforestation.
  • What human activities decreases soil erosion? Construction of big urban constructions, growing of crops in big terraces.
  • Explain how river discharge and elevational gradient influence patterns of river channel morphology. (Erosional zone); Predominance of erosion in streams with steep gradients/high discharge. (Depositional zone); predominance of deposition in streams with shallow gradients/low discharge.
  • What factors does soil chemistry depend on? Mineral components, water, pH and surface area.

Alla Inga

Utdelad övning

https://glosor.eu/ovning/flashcards-terrestrial-ecosystem-ecology.9053571.html

Dela