Finals CNS

Myopia can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred

Presbyopia loss of accommodation that occurs with age and is associated with loss of lens elasticity

Astigmatism is a condition that causes blurred vision due to the cornea and/or lens not being smoothly curved and symmetrical

Accommodation he process by which the eye adjusts the shape of the lens to keep objects in focus

nearsightedness the focal point falls in front of or behind (choose one) the retina

Alpha waves 8-13 hz, eyes closed, awake, abolished my mental effort or opening of eyes

The monopolar EEG montage collects signals at the active site and compares them with a reference electrode

Beta waves 14-60 hz, awake, eyes open

The bipolar EEG montage compares signals between two active scalp electrodes

threshold stimulus The minimum stimulus required to activate receptor

Phasic receptors receptor that fire rapid dont maintain their firing no longer than seconds even if stimulus is still present

receptor potential The change in sensory receptor membrane potential is a graded potential

odorant binding proteins they act as odorant transporters, delivering the odorant molecules to olfactory receptors in the cell membrane of sensory neurons

Salty tasting substances activate Na+ selective channels

Sweet substances block extracellular currents of K+ ions by the way of Gs protein

Bitter substances trigger generator potential by releasing Ca2+ ions from endoplasmic reticulum

Somatic reflexes reflexes in which skeletal muscles are the effectors

Flexor reflex polysynpatic strech reflex

Consensual light reflex crossed reflexphysiological

Direct light reflex a pupillary contraction when you shine light onto the retina of this eye

stereopsis (binocular vision) allows the visual apparatus to accurately determine the distance of an object from the eye (dept of perception)

Glutamate released by rod & cones (photoreceptors), majority of excitatory synapses

Nonassociative learning a change in behaviour that takes place after repeatedexposure to a single stimulus

In habituation learning negative memory, synaptic pathway inhibited

anterograde amnesia Inability to remember newly acquired information, takes away declarative memory

Reflexive (implicit/proceduarl) memory automatic, unconscious, acquired slowly through repetition,

nonassociative learning change in behaviour that takes place after repeated exposure to a single stimulus

Semantic memories memory that store general factual knowledge that is independent of personal experience

Sensory memory corresponds approximately to the initial 2-5 s after an item is perceived

consolidation The processing of information that converts short term memory to long term memory

Muller cells retinal astrocytes, acc. to presentation

absolute refractory period 1ms, after that a AP can be triggered by a extra large stimulus

the suprachiasmatic (area) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in

Reflexive memory/emotional memory stored in the areas of the cerebellum

Declarative memories stored in the cortical areas of the temporal lobes

Semantic memory one of the two types of declarative or explicit memory (our memory of facts or events that is explicitly stored and retrieved), independant of personal experience

Tonic receptors slow adapting, brain updated about body & its surrounding, activated by parameters thta are constantly monitored,

olfactory receptors The only known example of neurons with a high rate of replacement in the adult human

REM Sleep the period during which most dreaming takes place, newborns spend half of their sleep

sensory speech wernicke's area; middle gyrus in temporal lobe

motor speech broca's area; inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

Astrocytes supply fuel to neurons in the form of lactic acid, store glycogen, in PNS, support, brace & anchor neuron to their nutrient supply lines. makes exchanges between capillaries and neurons.

142 mEq/L The concentration of Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid

5 mm The concentration of K+ ions in the extracellular fluid

15 mM The concentration of Na+ ions in the intracellular fluid

Acetylcholine synth. in presynaptic terminal by large pyramidal cells, from acetyl Co-enzyme A

Serotonin synthesized fr. tryptophan, has inhibitory effect, a biogenic amine

High-frequency waves entering the vestibular duct create maximum displacement of the basilar membrane close to the oval window and consequently are not transmitted very far along the cochlea

Low-frequency waves travel along the length of the basilar membrane and create their maximum displacement near the flexible distal end

perilymph The fluid in the vestibular and tympanic ducts

endolymph the fluid in scala media, semiciruclar canal, vestibular apparatus

attenuation reflex a reflex contraction of the muscles of the cochlea in the response to loud sounds, Can reduce intensity of lower frequency sound transmission by 30-40 dB, to protect the cochlea and to mask low-frequency sounds in loud environment.

Neurotransmitters which are amines Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Neuroransmitters which are amino acids GABA, glycine, glutamate, aspartate

Nitric Oxide is formed instantly when needed, not preformed and not stored in vesicle. It affects metabolism and long-term behaviour and memory.

Interneurons neurons that lie entirely in the CNS

Varicosities enlarged regions along the axon , which store and release neurotransmitters

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