embryo colloq 1

the embryoblast forms the hypoblast and epiblast during...? 2nd week

the hypoblast in located on the ... side ventral

the epiblast is located on the ... side dorsal

the hypoblast consits of ... cells cuboidal

the epiblast consists of ... cells columnar

the bilaminar embryo is formed around day ... 7.5

amniotic cavity appears on epiblast side around day ... 8

chorionic cavity is formed in the extraembryonic mesoderm around ... week 2

excessive amount of amniotic fluid (more then 1 l) is called... hydramnion

too little amniotic fluid (less than 500 ml) is called oligohydramnion

germ layer formation is called... gastrulation

gastrulation marks the beginning of ... embryogenesis

embryogenesis begins around day 15 or 16

4 major signalling molecules influencing primitive streak migration? chordin, nodal, cripto and Vg1

the primitive node expresses three markes? chordin, goosecoid and HNF-3beta

the epiblast forms... endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

the notochordal process is formed by migrating cells from... primitive node

the anus develops from the ... cloacal membrane

nuclei pulposi in the intervertebral discs are formed by... remnants of the notochord

canalis neurentericus is formed temporarily in the notochord as... communication between amnion and yolk sac

left-right asymmetry begins during... gastrulation

at 5th week ... somite pairs have formed 42-45

the first 5-7 cranial somites do not undergo ... segmentation

identity of somites are controlled by... hox genes

what regulates subdivision of somites into myotome, sclerotome and dermatome? ephrins

sclerotome forms... vertebral column

myotome forms... muscles of vertebral column

dermatome forms ... dermis and tela subcutanea of vertebral column

notochord secretes ... SHH

SHH stimulates ... pax-1, pax-9 and organisation of sclerotome

neural tube secretes... wnt-1 that influence dermatomyotome

the endoderm develops into the... GI tract

the primitive gut can be divided into... foregut, midgut and hindgut

the midgut communicates via the ... with yolk sac vitelline duct

foregut is bound with... buccopharyngeal membrane

hindgut is bound with... cloacal membrane

the notochord induces the ectoderm to develop the ... neuroectoderm

the formation of neuroectoderm is called... neurulation

neurulation starts around ... day 18

the neuropores close around days... 24-26

neuroporus anterior closes around... day 24

neuroporus posterior closes around ... day 26

neural crest form, among other things... spinal and autonomic ganglia

the first cell condensation is called... blastema

development of tissue and organs is realised via... induction, determination, differentiation, growth and regulation

There are ... main groups of inductors 3

Group 1 inductors consists of ... paracrine factors that induce from a distance

Group 1 inducers can be divided into 5 subclasses which are... FGF, TGFbeta, Hedgehog genes, wnt genes, ephrins

Group 2 inducers ... unites ECM proteins

Group 3 inducers are ... surface proteins capable of juxtacrine induction

induction is the initiation of development under ... influence environmental

determination means that cells ... and depend on ... lose their omnipotence, epigenesis

Differentiation is the development of the specific structures with distinct functions

Growth is the ... increase in cell number, size and ECM

regulation is the ability to produce a normal stucture even if cells are ... added or removed

the opposite of regulation is ... mosaic

Embryo folding starts in... 4th week

folding commences in the cephalic and lateral region on ... day 22

folding commences in the caudal region on ... day 23

midline fusion transforms flat embryonic endoderm into a... gut tube with foregut, midgut and hindgut

the intraembryonic coelom becomes... around 2nd month pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavity

diaphragm develops at the end of ... 4th week

the diaphragm develops from ... septum transversus, dorsal mesentery, pleuroperitoneal membranes and somatopleura

chrio-amniotic membrane is formed around ... week 6

placentation starts on ... day 13

the side of the chorion towards uteral lumen is called... smooth chorion

during villous development epithelio-mesenchymal interaction is controlled by... hox genes, msx-2 and dlx-4

decidual cells of decidua basalis disappear in the ... 1st trimester

hormonally active cells of the peripheral trophoblast produce ... human chorionic gonadotropin

HGC becomes detectable from ... day 8-9

until week 20 the placental barrier consists of... syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, BM of epithelium, extraembryonic mesoderm, BM of endothelium, villous capillaries

common placental functions... respiration, nutrition, excretion, protection, storage, hormonal production

umbilical cord develops from... connecting stalk

Generally bone formation is under the control of... hox genes

desmocranium is seperated by... sutures

chondrocranium is seperated by ... synchondroses

upper limb buds appear around... day 24

lower limb buds appear around... day 28

upper limb with hand plate, forearm, arm, shoulder, lower limb with rounded caudal part in distal tip appears around... day 33

hand plate derives carpal region, digital plate, thigh, leg, foot become more distinc around ... day 37

finger rays are visible, apoptosis takes place in radial necrotic zones between digital rays, foot plate is clearly defined around ... day 38

the grooves between fingers are deeper, elbows become clearly seen, tow rays are visible around ... day 44

horizontal flexion is seen in upper limb, lower limb toe rays seperate, flexion begins towards the parasagittal plate around ... day 47

bends appear at the elbow and tactile pads, lowers limbs become longer, digital plates are visible around ... day 52

all regions are well developed, the fingers of two hands overlap at the midline around ... day 56

lower limbs are also fully developed around ... day 60

vertebral column derives from ... somites

verterbal column development undergoes 3 stages: ... mesenchymal, cartilaginous and bone

limb development starts with expression of ... FGF-10

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) expresses... FGF-2 and FGF-4

proximodistal limb development is stimulated by... FGF, msx and hox

anteroposterior limb development is stimulated by ... SHH and gli

dorsoventral limb development is stimulated by... wnt and lmx

inhibiting factors of limb development are ... BMP and retinoic acid

ossification of limbs starts during ... week 6-7

musculature develops via ... dorsal and ventral condensation

musculature development is stimulated by ... HGF, pax-3, myo-d, FGF

musculature development undergoes 3 stages... myoblast, immature skeletal striated muscle fiber and mature skeletal striated muscle fiber stage

the dorsal muscle mass give rise to ... extensors and supinators of upper limb and extensors and abductors of lower limb

the ventral muscle mass gives rise to ... flexors and pronators of upper limb and flexors and adductors of lower limb

between 6th and 8th weeks limb buds rotate ... upper limbs laterally and lower limbs medially

myogenesis is stimulated by... FGF and TGFbeta

further growth and differentiation of mucle fiber is stimulated by ... insulin growth factor

insulin growth factor initiates the production of... actin and myosin

muscles of the trunk develop from ... myotomes

the muscles of the head develops from ... cranial somites, prechordal mesoderm and branchial arches 1-4

smooth musculature develops from ... lateral mesoderm

cardiac muscle is developed from .... splanchnopleura

production of sweat starts around ... 2-18 postnatal day

dermis originate from... dermatome, lateral mesoderm, neural crest

the epidermis derives from ... ectoderm

periderm detaches around ... month 6

the development of skin patterns continues until the end of ... month 5

fingerprint patterns forms in palms during ... and on fingers during ... week 6.5, week 7.5

superficial and deep skin vasculature develops during ... month 2-5

hairs develop into dermis as ... epidermal proliferations

sebaceous glands develop from epithelial buds of the epithelial root

sweat glands develop as epithelial cords from ectoderm

factors that stimulate epidermis proliferation are:... epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, insulin, insulin growth factor, FGF and interleukin

factors that inhibit epidermis proliferation are:... TGFbeta1 and TGbeta2, interferon and tumour necrosis factor

from the beginning of liver heamatopoiesis embryonic haemoglobin is changed or... foetal haemoglobin

foetal haemoglobin is changed for ... around week ... adult haemoglobin, 30

blood develops in three periods:... megaloblastic period, intraembryonic haematopoiesis and medullary period

the ... gene family is thought to play a role in haematopoiesis hox

intraembryonic heamatopoiesis begins from... week 7

medullary period starts after... month 6

megaloblastic period lasts ... day 13-14-18

the intraembryonic blood circulation starts around ... day 22

development of angioblasts depend on ... VEGF-2 and VEGF-A

sprouting depends on ... angiopoietin-1 and tie-2

general phenotyping of circulatory system BV type depends on... Notch signalling

endocaridal tubes form from... splanchnomesoderm

cardiac jelly consists of... adherons

adherons consists of... proteoglycans, fibronectin and matrix proteins

after the ... the heart tube undergoes dextral looping week 3

dextral looping is influenced by... HAND-1, HAND-2, mef-2 and nkx

conducting system of heart derives from ... splanchnopleura

transfer of cardiomyocytes into conducting cells is stimulated by ... endothelin-1

sinus venosus handles... inflow

bulbus cordis handles... outflow

Bulbus cordis is divided into conus arteriosus and truncus arteriosus until the end of... week 7

aortico-pulmonary septum develops as the result of ... 180 degree spiralling of conal region

foramen ovale shunts ... of right atrium blood into ... druing second trimester 30%, left atrium

during third trimester ... of right atrium blood is shunted into ... 20%, left atrium

while the lungs are closed, blood from the ... flows through truncus pulmonalis into descending aorta via ... right ventricle, ductus arteriosus

foramen ovale closes with ... first inspiration

interventricular foramen closes around ... week 7

the 1st a.a.a. becomes ... maxillary and external carotid arteries

the 2nd a.a.a. becomes ... hyoid and stapedial arteries

the 3rd pair of a.a.a. becomes ... common carotid and the proximal internal carotid arteries

the 4th left and right a.a.a. respectively become ... aortic arch and proximal subclavian artery

5th a.a.a. if existent, becomes ... few capillary loops

6th pair of a.a.a. develops ... pulmonary arch, right and left pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

ductus arteriosus ... after birth obliterates

three sets of arteries develop from the dorsal aorta:... dorsal intersegmental, lateral segmental and ventral segmental

the dorsal intersegmental develops into... intercostal and lumbar arteries

lateral segmental develops into... phrenic, suprarenal, renal and testicular/ovarian arteries

ventral segmental develops into... truncus coeliacus, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

most of the umbilical arteries ... after birth obliterate

plica umbilicalis medialis et lateralis develop ... after birth

small fraction of proximal umbilical arteries transform into... internal iliac and superior vesicular arteries

the left vitelline artery ... obliterates

the right vitellien artery gives small part of ... superior mesenteric artery

the head arteries develops from two sources: ... external and internal carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries forming the basilar artery

in week five the venous system consists of... vitelline, umbilical and cardinal veins

the right cardinal vein becomes ... and the left one ... superior vena cava, degenerates

an anastomosis between both precardinal veins forms... brachiocephalic vein

the vitelline veins are intergrated into the ... capillary network of liver

the left vitelline vein ... and the right one becomes ... degenerates, portal vein

after birth the left umbilical vein tranforms into... round ligament of the liver

lymphatic system appears around ... week 5

lymphatic capillaries originate under the influence of ... VEGF-3

the first 6 primary lymph sacs develop during ... week 6

the first 6 primary lymph sacs are:... 2 jugular, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 cysterna chyli and 2 posterior lymph sacs

lymphatic vessel connect sacs at the end of ... week 9

ductus thoracicus orignates form ... cysterna chyli

lymph nodes originate in the ... from ... folds of lymph sacs, mesenchyme cells

the kidney develops in three sets:.... pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros

the development of pronephros is initiated by paraxial mesoderm by expression of ... lim-1 and pax-2

pronephros disappears around ... day 24-25

pronephros develops from ... and interconnect with ... cervical nephrotomes, primary pronephric ducts

pronehpros is ... nonfunctional

at the end of ... a pair of ... appear from ... of thoracic and lumbar regions day 24, mesonephric ducts, nephrotomes

the mesonephric duct fuses with the cloaca at the end of ... week 4

ureteric bud develops near mesonephric duct in the cloaca around beginning of ... week 5

mesonephroi contain ... pairs of functional ... 20, nephric units

nephric units consist of:... glomeruli, bowmans capsule, mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules

metanephros develops in ... week 5

the metanephros from two sources:.... metanephrogenic blastema and ureteric bud

ureteric outgrowth from mesonephric duct is stimulated by... secreted from ... glia derived neurotrophic factor, metanephrogenic blastema

the ureteric bud forms... ureter, renal pelvis, calyces and collecting tubules

in response to GDNF, ureteric buds secrete... FGF-2, BMP-7 and lif

FGF-2, BMP-7 and lif from ureteric buds influence ... to form ... metanephric mesenchyme, renal tubules

kidney are ... during embryogenesis lobulated

by the middle of ... the metanephroi have ... lobes week 6, 2

by the end of ... metanephroi have ... lobes week 16, 14-16

urine production begins in ... and is secreted in ... week 11, amnion

kidneys ascend from pelvis into abdomen between ... week 6-9

urinary bladder and urethra derive from ... urogenital sinus

urogenital sinus derive from ... anterior part of cloaca

urogenital sinus consist of three parts:.... abdominal, pelvic and phallic

urinary bladder develops from... abdominal urogenital sinus

mesonephric duct and ureter open into urogenital sinus in ... week 7

the genital system develops in three stages:... indifferent sex stage, differentiation of gonads, sexual differentiation of genital ducts and external genitalia

between ... the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into:... week 4-6, anterior primitive urogenital sinus and posterior rectum

the definitive urogenital sinus of the primitive urogenital sinus forms:... vestibule of vagina and penis urethra

during ... the primitive sex cords develop from ... week 6, mesonephros and coelomic epithelium

primitive sex cords consist of ... until ... cortex and medulla, week 6

intermediate mesoderm express ... that influence kidney and ... development wt-1 gene, gonad

... is also a gene involved in early gonad development lim-1

during ... the ... are formed from coelomic epithelium week 6, paramesonephric ducts

sex differentiation depends on Y chromosome and three Y genes:... hv antigen, ZFY gene and Sry

in embryos without Y chromosome differentiation is influenced by... which inhibits ... dax-1, testis formation

during ... oogonia enter ... month 4, gonad

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