DNA, RNA and Protein Biosynthesis

Molecular composition of cell: water, inorganic ions and organic molecules

Nucleic acids: Deoxyribonuckleic acid and Ribonucleic acid

Shape of DNA: double helix

The two strands (DNA) are: antiparallel

Two strands (DNA) are held together by: hydrogen bonds

Which base pairs in DNA does always pair together? A+T and G+C

How many hydrogen bonds does an A-T pari have? 2

How many hydrogen bonds does a G-C pair have? 3

Which base pair is stronger? G-C

What is Chargaff´s rule? content of A=T and content of G=C

How is Chargaff´s rule proven? by the complementary base pairing in DNA structure

In which strand (DNA) is genetic information proven? template strand

What does the double helix contain in which proteins interact with DNA major and minor grooves

4 steps in Chargaff´s rules are: 1. Base composition in DNA varies from species to species but always amount of A=T 2. Amount of C=G 3. total amount of purines=total amount of pyrimidines 4. AT/CG ratio varies between species

RNA is made up of: a long chain of components called ribonucleotides

Which pyrimidine base replaces thymine in RNA? uracil

Which sugar replaces deoxyribose in RNA: ribose

In RNA A+U form a bace pari with how many hydrogen bonds? 2

How many strands does RNA have 1

RNA is a linear what? plymer

Nucleotide subunits in RNA are linked together by what? phosphodiester bonds

Describe ribosomal RNA: Comprises major portion of ribosome and involved in synthesis of polypeptide chains

Describe Transfer RNA: Carriers amino acids to ribosome and recognizes codons on mRNA

Describe Small nuclear RNA: Involved in the processing of mRNA and are molecules in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Nicknames for Small nuclear RNA are: snRNA and snurps

Describe Guide RNA Involved in processing of RNA or DNA

Describe regulatory RNA: functions in the regulation of gene expression by binding to proteins/DNA/other RNA molecules

describe Antisense RNA: functions in regulating gene expression by base pairing to mRNA

Describe Recognition RNA: part of a few enzymes (telomerase) enables them to recognize certain short DNA sequences

What is Ribozymes? Enzymatically active RNA molecules

Where can you find rRNA? in the ribosomes

Which RNA count for 80% of the total RNA present in the cell? rRNA

rRNA combine with what and where to form ribosomes? proteins, enzymes and cytoplasm

Ribosomes act as? the site of protein synthesis

Among others, what do rNA interact with that are crucial to protein synthesis? tRNA

mRNA is a? single stranded RNA molecule and is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene

mRNA moves from where to where and what is made? nucleus to cytoplasm and proteins

What is the process called where the ribosome moves along mRNA, reads the sequence and uses the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet into corresponding amino acid? protein synthesis

tRNA carriers what? amino acids

tRNAs are ribonucleic acids and therefore capable of what? forming hydrogen bonds with mRNA

intron non-coding region

exon coding region

Which molecule play a critical role in RNA splicing? snurps

Where are snurps found? nucleus

Snurps are typically tightly bound to: proteins in complexes called snRNPs

The most abundant molecules of snurps are: U1, U2, U5 and U4/U6

U1, U2, U5 and U4/U6 are doing what: splicing pre mRNA to give rise to mature mRNA

What are Catalytic RNA? RNAs with enzymic activity

One example of a Catalytic RNA is: ribozymes

Ribozymes have roles where: replication, mRNA processing and splicing

When speaking about semiconservative, what does it mean? DNA replication, each strand of double helix acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand

What is the enzyme called that makes DNA DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase requires what in the process of making DNA? template and primer

In wich direction does DNA polymerase make new DNA 5`to 3`

Which strand in DNA replication is made in an continuous piece? leading strand

Which strand during DNA replication is made into small pieces? lagging strand

DNA replication requires what enzymes? DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA ligase and topoisomerase

Location on DNA where replication start is called? origins of replication

When the DNA opens, the two y-shaped structures is called? replication forks

the two replication forks are together called replication bubble

DNA replication proceeds, replication forks moves: in opposite direction

Helicase is first replication enzyme and does what: load on origin of replication, moves replication forks forward by breaking hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

On which end can DNA polymerase add nucleotides? 3`

What does DNA polymerase use to attach to the 3´end? free OH-group

What enzyme solves the problem of DNA polymerase only can attach to the 3´end? primase

Primase makes what primer, starts DNA synthesis

When RNA primer is in place, what happens? DNA polymerase builds DNA by adding corresponding bases

Which way can DNA polymerase MAKE DNA 5´to 3´

A DNA double helix is always? anti-parallel

The lagging strands are made in fragments called okazaki fragments

Gaps between DNA fragments are sealed by: DNA ligase

Single-strand binding proteins do what? Coat the DNA around replication fork

Why does Single-strand binding proteins coat DNA prevents rewinding of DNA

topoisomerase works were and does what? works ahead of replication fork and prevent supercoiling

In prokaryotes DNA replication initiates at: single site

In DNA replication in eukaryotes initiates at: multiple sites

Stage one of translation in Protein synthesis consists of: Intiation - ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA

Stage two of translation in protein synthesis consists of: Elongation - the ribosomes moves along the mRNA molecule linking amino acids and forming a polypeptide chain

Stage 3 of translation in protein synthesis consists of: termination - the ribosome reaches a stop codon, which terminates protein synthesis and releases ribosome

TRNA plays a huge roll in: protein synthesis and translation

Which two types of RNA have a role in initiation? mRNA and tRNA

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