Chapter 4

A paraphyletic group includes some organisms that share their most recent common ancestor; an ancestor and some of it's descendants

A polyphyletic group, includes organisms with multiple recent common ancestor

A synapomorphy is a trait shared by all descendants of a recent common anector

Homology is the similiarties due to shared ancestry

Homoplasy is the similairty due to shared function

The phenomenon where traits have gotten another function from what they originally were menat for Exaptation

A change in the phenotype/genotype occuring because of shifting environment Adaptation

Some animals seem to be ancestral, and not have developed a lot, but in reality they're the most adapted of them all Myth of the primitive

What can cause a mutation? Polymerase slips, radioactivity, solar energy and chemicals

A mutation that only changes one or few nucleotides in a gene sequence Point mutation

A mutation that shifts the way a sequence is read Frameshift mutation

A mutation that adds nucleotides to the sequence Insertion mutation

A mutation that erases nucleotides from a sequence Deletion mutation

A hybrid gene that's formed from the abnormal combination of two chromosomes coming together due to mutations Chromosome fusion

A mutation where multiple copies of a DNA segment is produced Gene duplication

A mutation where a DNA section releases from the chromosome and then reattaches itself in the reversed order Inversion

Mutations only show effects if it occurs in the coding region

When a chromosome is added or missing from an individual Aneuploidy

Does the number of chromosomes a species has predict the size of its genome? No

DNA sequences that can move from locations withing a genome Transposons

Retrotransposons function via reverse transcription

DNA transposons require a tranposase enzyme for insertion and excision

Transposons can impact evolution, regulation of gene expression, genome instability and applications

A case of phenotypic plasticity, where the environment and gene expression decides the development of a discrete phenotype Polyphenism

Changes to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, but the gene expression Epigenetics

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