biologi test topic 2

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• cohesion water to water bond= hydrogen bonds. surface tension on bodies of water, trees being able to suck up water.
• adhesion between water and non polar surface
• Transcription DNA is used to make mRNA.
• Translation information on mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids.
• proteins primary structure the sequence of amino acids
• proteins secondary structure two dimensional folding, (alpha and beta)
• proteins tertariy structure 3 deminsional foldings, gives and active site on the surface protein is an enzyme.
• proteins quaternary structure made of 2 or more subunits.
• denaturation breaking up proteins and they lose their structure, by example: heat, extreme PH, heavy metal ions.
• triglyceride fat/lipid, plus glycerol
• anabolic 3 fatty acids plus one glycerol
• hydrolysis reaction fatty acids splits from the glycerol
• peptide protein
• depeptide two amino acids linked together
• monosaccharides ring shaped with five or six corners
• organic molecules molecules containing c, found in organisms( some exceptions, like co2 and co)
• metabolism ........is all the ensyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism
• anabolism .... is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
• catabolism .....is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules
• hydrolysis breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules of macromolecules into monomers
• condensation reactions is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, of macromolecules from monomers
• water ..... molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds from between them
• thermal water is a temperature stable environment/ habits for organisms
• solvent polar substances are easily dissolved in blood and sap in plants
• hydrophilic likes water
• hydrophobic dislike water
• sucrose, lactose and maltose should be included as examples of disaccharides
• monosaccharides .......are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
• cellulose unbranched chain of glucose. cell wall starch= mix of amylose and amylopectin. energy storage. glycogen= branched chain of glucose, energy storage
• unsaturated double bond between C
• cis in unsaturated fatty acids H is sticking out in the same direction
• trans unsaturated fatty acids when H is sticking out in opposite direction
• trans-fats artificial. correlation to cononary heart disease
• saturated fatty acids natural, correkation to CHD. But correlation doesn't necessarily mean causation
• lipids more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates
• triglycerides .... are formed by condernsation from three fatty acids and one glycerol (three water molecules are formed)
• BMI Normally around 20-30
• polypeptides amino acids are linked together by condensation to form.......
• proteome every individual has a unique.....
• denaturation of proteins ..... by heat or by deviation of pH from the optimim. also enzymes might become denaturated
• enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind
• immobilized enzymes enzymes that are widely used in industry
• nucleotide phosphate + sugar +base= ?
• thymine is replaced by uracil DNA differs form RNA in their bases.
• DNA ..... is a double helix made of two antipatallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs.
• semi-conservative new DNA molecule is a mix of old and new DNA strands
• meselson and stahl support for the theory of semi-conservative replication of DNA
• helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds
• DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to from a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template
• transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied form the DNA base sequence by RNA polymerase
• translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes
• genetic code the amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determained by mRNA according to the ......
• codons three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide
• cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
• anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose
• aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose
• lactate production produced when anaerobic respiration i used to maximize the power of muscle contractions
• photosynthesis ... is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy
• chlorophyll absorbes red and blue light most efrfectively and reflects the green light more than other colours.
• limiting factors temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide are possible .........
• chromatography separation of photosynthetic pigments

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