Bones (notes)

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• What connects mucles to bones? Connective tissue connects muscles to bones.
• What is the different types of bones? Longbone, flatbone, iregular bone and sesamonebone.
• Give one example of a longbone. Femur.
• Give one example of a flatbone. Ribs.
• Give one example of a irregularbone. Vertebrae.
• Give one example of a sesamoidbone. Kneecap.
• What is remodeling? Remodeling is when bone cells are broken down and then build up igen.
• Why is remodeling needed? If remodling is not happening the bones will colapse in 2 years.
• What is the two stages in remodeling called? Resorption and build-up.
• What is resorption? When bone cells breaks down to calcium and phosfate.
• What is build-up? When calcium and phosfate is build up to bone cells.
• What is the function of the bones? The bones protects out organs, is used as levers, store minerals, contain bone marrow and is used as energy reserve.
• What parts is included in the longbones? Hyaline cartilage, epiphysis, spongy bones, periosteum and endosteum.
• What is the hyaline cartilage? The hyaline cartilage is the part of the bone that is found around the ends of a long bone and take pressure well.
• What is epiphysis? Epiphysis is the rounded end of the long bone. This is separeted from the rest of the bone with help of epiphysis plates.
• What is spongy bones? Spongy bones are what comes after the epiphysis and contains red bone marrow.
• What is periosteum? Periosteum is what is around the longbone. This is where you have sensation and it contains pain reseptors.
• What is endosteum? Endosteum is found inside the bones and contains pain reseptors.
• What is the structure of the bone? First compact bone that is called osteons and then spongy bones that takes up load and is an irregular shape.
• What is the extracellular matrix? The extracellular matrix is one of the components of bone.
• What is extracellular matrix made of? H2O(25%), cologen (25%) and minerals (50%)
• What is osteon? Osteon is circular parts of the bone that contain blood vessels.
• What happens in the remodeling of the bone? Ca2+ + phosfate = hydroxiapatite
• What cells are there in the bone? Osteocyte, osteoblast and osteoclast.
• What does the osteocyte do? The osteocyte maintains the bone.
• What does osteoblast do? Osteoblasts build up the bone.
• What does osteoclasts do? It breaks down the bone.
• What is special with the osteoclast? It has more nucleus than osteocytes and osteoblasts.
• cyte metabolism
• osteo bone
• blast build up
• clast break down
• What hormones affect calcium in the bones? Growth hormone (GH), T3, sexhormones (testosteron, estrogen)
• What happens if there is no calcium? No calcium leads to no communication in nerves, no coagulation.
• What stimulates the osteoblast? Hormones and physical activity.

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